https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/virus-de-la-hepatitis-c https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1871.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis C https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3347/hepatitis-c-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 200 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/control-de-infecciones-para-profesionales-del-arte-corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1307.mp4 Control de infecciones para profesionales del arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2347/infection-control-for-body-art.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/posibles-problemas-medicos-con-el-arte-corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1308.mp4 Posibles problemas médicos con el arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2349/medical-issues-with-body-art.jpg Yes 147 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/incidentes-y-reporte-de-exposicion https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1879.mp4 Incidentes y reporte de exposición https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3365/exposure-incident-and-reporting.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/capacitacion-a-patogenos-sanguineos-para-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1867.mp4 Bienvenido a la capacitación a patógenos sanguíneos para artistas del cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3339/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 204 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/procedimientos-de-esterilizacion-de-equipos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1881.mp4 Procedimientos de esterilización de equipos para profesionales del arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3363/equipment-sterilization-procedures-for-body-art-professionals.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/como-se-propagan-los-patogenos-de-sangre-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1868.mp4 Cómo se propagan los patógenos de la sangre https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3341/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-tattoo.jpg Yes 309 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/virus-de-la-hepatitis-b https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1870.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis B https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3345/hepatitis-b-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/como-reducir-tus-riesgos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1873.mp4 Cómo reducir tus riesgos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3351/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 176 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/controles-de-ingenieria-administrativos-y-de-practicas-laborales https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1874.mp4 Prácticas de trabajo y controles de ingeniería https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3353/work-practice-and-engineering-controls.jpg Yes 210 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/retirado-de-guantes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1877.mp4 Retirado de guantes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3359/glove-removal-tattoo.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/equipo-de-arte-corporal-y-productos-quimicos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2917.mp4 Equipo de arte corporal y productos químicos: etiquetado y almacenamiento adecuados https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5227/body-art-storage-chemicals-and-labels.jpg Yes 187 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/lavado-de-manos-para-artistas-corporales https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2452.mp4 Procedimiento correcto de lavado de manos para artistas corporales https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4369/handwashing-for-body-artists.jpg Yes 80 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/etapas-del-vih-sida https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3703.mp4 Etapas del VIH / SIDA https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6637/hiv-and-aids-stages.jpg Yes 281 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/la-sarna https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3711.mp4 La sarna https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6651/scabies.jpg Yes 360 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/que-es-el-impetigo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3713.mp4 ¿Qué es el impétigo? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6657/impetigo.jpg Yes 284 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/que-es-hepatitis-a https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3706.mp4 ¿Qué es hepatitis A? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6643/what-is-hepatitis-a.jpg Yes 288 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/detalles-del-vih-sida https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3702.mp4 Detalles del VIH / SIDA https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6635/hiv-details.jpg Yes 435 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/que-es-la-tuberculosis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3712.mp4 ¿Qué es la tuberculosis? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6655/tuberculosis.jpg Yes 496 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/detalles-de-la-hepatitis-b https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3707.mp4 Detalles de la hepatitis B https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6645/hepitits-b-details.jpg Yes 666 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/prevencion-y-tratamiento-del-vih-sida https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3704.mp4 Prevención y tratamiento del VIH / SIDA https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6639/hiv-prevention-and-treatment.jpg Yes 395 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/que-es-el-herpes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3708.mp4 ¿Qué es el herpes? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6647/what-is-herpes.jpg Yes 598 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/que-es-el-molusco-contagioso https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3709.mp4 ¿Qué es el molusco contagioso? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6649/molluscum-contagiosum.jpg Yes 391 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/la-tina https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3710.mp4 La tiña https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6653/ringworm.jpg Yes 415 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/que-es-la-hepatitis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3705.mp4 ¿Qué es la hepatitis? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6641/what-is-hepatitis.jpg Yes 67 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/ataques-cardiacos-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2018.mp4 Ataques cardiacos Es importante reconocer el problema antes de que el corazón se detenga. Usted puede notar signos y síntomas como sudoración, dificultad para respirar, dolor en el pecho y náuseas. Lo mejor que puedes hacer es prevenir un ataque al corazón. La enfermedad cardiovascular es el asesino número uno en América y es lo que conduce a ataques al corazón. Puede prevenir enfermedades cardiovasculares con una dieta saludable, ejercicio regular, controlar el estrés, controlar la diabetes, controlar la presión arterial alta y dejar de fumar. Si cree que alguien está teniendo un ataque al corazón, llame al 911 inmediatamente. Es importante sentarle y tranquilizarlo para reducir su nivel de ansiedad hasta que llegue la ayuda. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3597/heart-attacks-2015.jpg Yes 477 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/es-control-hemorragia-sangrado-arterial https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2094.mp4 Sangrado arterial https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3747/bleeding-control-arterial-bleeding-2015.jpg Yes 300 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/adulto-dea-rescatista-lego-comunidad-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2026.mp4 DEA en adultos Si el paciente es un paro cardiaco presenciado, compruebe primero para asegurar que la escena es segura. Compruebe la capacidad de respuesta del paciente y póngase en contacto con los servicios de emergencia. Compruebe si hay un pulso durante no más de 10 segundos. Encienda el DEA si el paciente no tiene pulso y no respira. Adjunte las almohadillas AED al paciente, y no toque al paciente mientras se analiza el DEA. Después de un choque se entrega, comenzar la RCP durante unos 5 ciclos o dos minutos. El DEA se interrumpirá después de dos minutos y volverá a analizar al paciente. Siga las instrucciones del AED hasta que llegue el soporte de vida avanzado. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3611/adult-aed-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 244 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/reacciones-alergicas-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2060.mp4 Reacciones alérgicas https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3679/allergic-reactions-2015.jpg Yes 464 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/primeros-auxilios-para-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1954.mp4 Primeros auxilios para artistas del cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3527/body-art-first-aid-intro.jpg Yes 42 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/rcp-solo-manos-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2029.mp4 RCP solo con manos La RCP de manos únicas ayuda a alentar a los rescatistas a involucrarse que de otra manera no podrían ayudar. Los equipos de rescate entregan compresiones de 2-2.4 pulgadas de profundidad a una velocidad de 100-120 compresiones por minuto sin la necesidad de entregar respiraciones de rescate en el medio. La RCP con manos únicas elimina el temor de transmitir enfermedades al eliminar el componente boca a boca de la RCP. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3617/hands-only-cpr-2015.jpg Yes 199 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/diabetes-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2100.mp4 Diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3759/diabetes-2015.jpg Yes 500 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/adulto-rcp-rescatista-lego-comunidad-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2023.mp4 RCP en adultos La RCP para adultos se realiza comprobando la capacidad de respuesta del paciente, la respiración anormal y el contacto con los servicios de emergencia. A continuación, compruebe si hay un pulso durante 10 segundos como máximo y comience la RCP si el paciente no tiene pulso. Realice 30 compresiones a una velocidad de 100-120 por minuto ya una profundidad de 2-2.4 pulgadas en el centro del pecho. Estas 30 compresiones deben ser seguidas de dos respiraciones de rescate, y repetir el ciclo hasta que llegue un DEA o servicios de emergencia. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3605/adult-cpr-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 216 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/ataque-cerebral-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2019.mp4 Accidente cerebrovascular Hay dos tipos principales de apoplejía. El más común es cuando un coágulo bloquea una arteria que lleva la sangre al cerebro. Esto es causado por una Trombosis Cerebral o Embolia Cerebral. El segundo golpe más común es un sangrado. Esto es cuando un vaso sanguíneo se rompe en el cerebro, también llamado derrame hemorrágico. Los primeros signos de un derrame cerebral son entumecimiento, dificultad para hablar, debilidad, parálisis en un lado del cuerpo, visión borrosa o pérdida repentina de la visión, brazo o pierna caídos, caída de la cara o boca que gotea, inestabilidad, confusión hablando o entendiendo el habla. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3599/stroke-2015.jpg Yes 409 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/control-hemorragia-sangrado-venoso https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2095.mp4 Sangrado venoso https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3749/bleeding-control-venous-bleeding-2015.jpg Yes 214 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/enfermedades-y-trastornos-de-la-piel https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1872.mp4 Enfermedades y trastornos de la piel https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3349/skin-diseases-tattoo.jpg Yes 233 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/vih-y-sida-artistas-corporales https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1869.mp4 VIH y SIDA https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3343/hiv-and-aids-tattoo.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/desechos-regulados-para-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1875.mp4 Desechos regulados https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3355/regulated-waste-tattoo.jpg Yes 98 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/limpieza-de-fluidos-corporales-para-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1876.mp4 Limpieza de fluidos corporales para artistas del cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3357/body-fluid-cleanup-tattoo.jpg Yes 460 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/convulsiones https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2101.mp4 Convulsiones https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3761/seizure-2015.jpg Yes 246 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/tattoo/video/conmocion-rescatista-lego-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/7184.mp4 Conmoción https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13028/shock-2025.jpg Yes 143 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hepatitis-c-virus-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1871.mp4 Hepatitis C Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis C virus, also known as HCV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis C infection in the U.S. You're going to notice numerous similarities with the Hepatitis B virus. However, there will also be some significant and crucial differences to make note of. At the end of the lesson, we'll provide you with a Word about the signs and transmission of bloodborne pathogens. Much like the Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C can exhibit very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. It's not unusual for someone infected with Hepatitis C to live for decades with the disease and not know it, all the while the virus is slowly destroying their liver. The Hepatitis C virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This in turn can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. Some people who are exposed to Hepatitis C can fight the infection and rid it from the body. While others become chronically infected. You may recall that this is where we gave you some good news in the last lesson, as around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. While the other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B will become chronic. The problem is that with Hepatitis C, those numbers are practically inverted, as around 80 percent of those exposed develop a chronic infection, while the other 20 percent will clear the virus from their systems and develop and natural immunity to it. How Hepatitis C is Contracted and Spread Pro Tip #1: Hepatitis C is spread a little differently compared to Hepatitis B and HIV. While the latter two viruses are mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, Hepatitis B is spread mostly through blood, including sharing needles with an infected person (mostly due to injected drug use) and through getting tattoos and piercings with unsterilized equipment. Less common ways of contracting Hepatitis C in the U.S. include receiving blood, blood products, or organs that have been infected with the Hepatitis C virus. However, these instances are much less common since blood screening became available in 1992. Also, like both HIV and Hepatitis B, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby. And in healthcare settings, it can also be passed on through needle stick injuries. It's worth noting that these are both rare, as is spreading the disease through sexual intercourse. It should be noted that personal items that are contaminated with infected blood and then shared with others also present a risk – items like razors and toothbrushes, for example. Pro Tip #2: People who are infected with HIV face a much greater risk of also contracting Hepatitis C. Also, like both Hepatitis B and HIV, Hepatitis C cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with pubic items like doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. And there is no evidence of virus transmission from food handlers, teachers, or other service providers in the absence of blood to blood contact. Hepatitis C Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that around 3.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis C infection 17,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis C virus 12,000 people each year die from liver complications caused by Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and Hepatitis B, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis C are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for all the above is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis C symptoms (which mirror those of Hepatitis B) include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Hepatitis C Treatment Unfortunately, there is neither a Hepatitis C vaccine nor a known cure. There are, however, new drugs that have come on the market that studies have shown can provide big improvements to those in need of Hepatitis C treatment. In some studies, those infected with the Hepatitis C virus who took one or more new drugs approved by the FDA showed up to a 90 percent success rate in eliminating the disease. The downside is the expense. Treatments can cost tens of thousands of dollars, making them financially available to only a select few who can afford them. A Word About Bloodborne Pathogens – Signs and Transmission Let's quickly recap the symptoms of the diseases covered in this section (Hepatitis B, C, and HIV) along with the modes of transmission for each. It may help to see the side-by-side comparisons for the purpose of retaining the information. HIV Symptoms: May or may not be present in the early stages. Late-contact stage symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, skin rashes, night sweats, loss of appetite, swollen lymph glands, significant weight loss, white spots in the mouth or vaginal discharge (signs of yeast infection), and memory or movement problems. Contraction: HIV is spread through both direct and possibly indirect contact with blood, semen, and vaginal fluid. Hepatitis B Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis B is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. Hepatitis C Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis C is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3347/hepatitis-c-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 200 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/infection-control-for-body-art https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1307.mp4 Infection Control for Body Artists In this lesson, we'll be covering infection control procedures and techniques for body artists. You'll learn how bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are spread as well as a number of aseptic techniques to protect yourself and your clients. Tattoo artists and body piercers must be fully aware of all potential dangers of their work procedures and how to prevent infection. They also must follow health and safety practices and cleaning techniques to protect themselves, as well as their clients, from bloodborne pathogens and communicable diseases that include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. As most of you are well aware, tattoos are done by injecting ink into the dermis – the inner layer of skin – with a needle attached to a handheld tool where the needle vibrates up and down at a rate of several hundred times per minute. Infections can be spread through unsterilized equipment, contaminated ink, the mishandling of needles, and the improper cleaning of surfaces and clients' skin prior to all procedures. And bacteria, viruses, and fungi can all be present on the skin of the person receiving the tattoo or piercing. Warning: Infections can spread quickly and easily. A tattoo or piercing needle that comes in contact with skin where germs are located can contaminate the needle or ink and then become the source of infection. Adopt Aseptic Techniques to Control Infection It's so important for body art professionals to use aseptic techniques for tattoos and body art procedures. Aseptic techniques are used to prevent cross contamination, or in other words, prevent the transmission of germs from one person to another or from one surface to another. Pro Tip #1: Germs are not visible to the naked eye, which probably isn't a shock to you. But it's important to mention this because visible blood or body fluids on surfaces or instruments is not necessary for an infection to be transmitted. When working with clients, all surfaces and used equipment should be considered contaminated and thoroughly cleaned. (Or what we call – better safe than sorry.) The goal of using aseptic techniques is to protect both the body art professional and the client. Aseptic techniques include the following principles: Body art professionals should cover his or her own skin if there are wounds, infections, dermatitis, etc. All clothing must be clean. Never let used equipment come in contact with clean or sterilized equipment. Maintain cleanliness of all supplies by storing them in a sanitary manner that protects all items from contamination. Make sure disinfectants are properly stored and chemicals are properly labeled. Use barriers to protect yourself, like single use gloves and gowns. Use proper hand hygiene. When wearing gloves that may have body fluids on them, don't touch any other items. Remove contaminated gloves before doing anything with sterile items. Before giving tattoos or piercings, properly clean and prepare clients' skin with antiseptic. Use ink from single use containers and only use on one client. However, ink stored in bulk containers can be transferred to single use containers. Dispose of single use containers after each person and each use. Never mix ink with tap water; only use distilled or sterile water. Use disposable single use needles and follow safe injection practices. Immediately dispose of contaminated needles, dressings, gloves, and other disposable items. Maintain a clean environment by using proper disinfectant and disinfect all chairs and work surfaces between each client. Clean and sterilize all reusable tools and equipment. Place all needles and other sharps that have come in contact with skin or body fluids into puncture resistant containers, known as sharps containers. Pro Tip #2: If you are using a sterilization machine, like an autoclave, make sure it's regularly tested and serviced. Pro Tip #3: Normally, you'll find a line at the top of sharps containers that will indicate that they are full.  However, sharps containers need to be emptied when they are 2/3 to 3/4 of the way full.  Be sure to make sure they are labeled and disposed of properly.  It's important to note that these are merely general guidelines to help protect you and your clients. Each workplace should have a written exposure control plan that outlines the proper procedures that are specific to your facility in regard to the proper disposal of regulated waste. The use of engineering controls, work practice controls, and all personal protective equipment should be customized to your own individual workplace. Pro Tip #4: In California it is not required to have red biohazard waste bags. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2347/infection-control-for-body-art.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/medical-issues-with-body-art https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1308.mp4 Possible Medical Issues with Body Art In this lesson, we’ll be looking at some of the possible medical issues that come with tattoos and body art procedures like piercings. These health hazards are for those people receiving these services and also for those people providing these services. However, for the providers, your risk is always going to be higher just based on the amount of exposure you have compared to your clients. Piercings and tattoos have become increasingly popular over the last decade, and while most people may not think about the risks involved, they really should. Some of those risks include bloodborne pathogens, general skin infections, serious infections, allergic reactions, keloids, nerve damage, and bleeding. Let’s look at each one. Bloodborne Pathogens Bloodborne pathogens include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. These pathogens can be spread when dirty needles are reused. They can also be spread when tattoo artists and body art professionals don’t use the proper aseptic cleanup techniques you’ll be learning about in subsequent lessons. General Skin Infections The most common risks associated with giving or receiving tattoos and piercings comes in the form of general skin infections. These infections are not considered medically significant or serious and are characterized by: Redness Swelling Pain Pus-like drainage Serious Infections While your chances of getting a serious infection is much lower than other possibilities on this list, they can also occur. Serious infections include: Impetigo MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) Cellulitis Pro Tip #1: It should be mentioned that oral piercings carry an especially high risk, because the mouth is home to a disproportionate number of bacteria, which translates to a higher than average risk of infection at the site of the piercing. Besides infection, metal jewelry in the mouth can also damage gums and teeth. Allergic Reactions Allergic reactions are another common medical issue, particularly when it comes to materials like tattoo dyes, various metals used in piercings, and the like. If an allergic reaction is present at the site of the tattoo or piercing, some of the usual signs include: Pain Itchy rash Bumps Swelling Skin blotches Keloids Keloids are firm, rubbery lesions or shiny, fibrous nodules, and can vary from pink to the color of the person's skin or red to dark brown in color. A keloid scar is benign and not contagious, but sometimes accompanied by severe itchiness, pain, and changes in texture. This type of scar can form during the healing process. Tattoos cause damage to the skin – essentially numerous deep puncture wounds – and keloids can occur as a result. The problem is compounded by the fact that keloid scars don’t go away or become diminished over time the way other types of scars do. Nerve Damage There does exist the possibility of accidentally damaging a nerve during a piercing procedure. This is more common above the eyebrow or along the bridge of the nose. As a result, both long-term and short-term neurological damage could ensue. Serious Bleeding While a serious bleeding incident is unlikely, there are certain people who are more at risk than others. People on certain medications or those with medical disorders that can affect bleeding should be a little more cautious. Tattoos typically heal within two weeks when they are properly cared for. Healing times for piercings can range from a few weeks to over a year depending on what body part was punctured and how specifically it was punctured. Pro Tip #2: Longer healing times increase the risk of getting a site infection. A site infection can then result in a serious bloodstream infection if proper care is not taken. All body art professionals should always provide the client with after care instructions that explain in detail the risks involved and how to prevent those risks from becoming reality. Proper care to protect the site of the tattoo or piercing also has a positive effect on the quality of the image or piercing. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2349/medical-issues-with-body-art.jpg Yes 147 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/exposure-incident-and-reporting https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1879.mp4 Exposure Incident and Reporting Being exposed to a bloodborne pathogen or other potentially infectious materials is a serious topic. In this lesson, we'll go over what to do if you ever find yourself in that situation, along with some responsibilities that your employer bears. An exposure incident is defined as contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties. Contact specifically means contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.), broken skin, or through a puncture-related incident, or in any situation where there exists a high probability of contamination. What to do if You are Exposed If you are exposed, take the following steps immediately: Clean the contaminated area thoroughly with soap and water. Wash needlestick injuries, cuts, and exposed skin with soap and water. Flush out any splashes of blood and OPIM to the mouth and nose with water. If the eyes are involved, irrigate with clean water, saline, or sterile irrigants for 20 minutes. Seek immediate follow-up care as identified in your department exposure control plan. Pro Tip #1: You'll also need to report the incident and complete all the appropriate forms as soon as possible after the exposure incident. However, DO NOT delay medical treatment to fill out paperwork. Medical treatment should include an immediate post exposure evaluation, prophylaxis treatment, and the appropriate follow up care, all of which should be conducted by a physician at no cost to the employee. Exposure Incident Reporting An exposure incident should include the following: The time, date, and location of the exposure. An account of all the people involved, including the exposed person, names of their first aid providers, and if possible, the name of the source individual. The circumstances of the exposure, any actions taken after the exposure, and any other information required by your employer. Pro Tip #2: What do we mean by if possible from point number two above? The situation could include a source that is unknown. Or state or local laws may prohibit the identification of the source of the infection. However, if the source is known and if that person gives consent, tests should be conducted as soon as possible, particularly for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. Report the exposure incident to the appropriate person identified in your employer's exposure control plan (often the infection control officer). There will be forms to fill out and continued follow-up, which will proceed according to your employer's policies. Your employer's exposure control plan must specify who should be contacted and what procedures need to be done to follow-up. This includes the employer's responsibilities to provide post-exposure prophylaxis when medically indicated, counseling, and the evaluation of reported illnesses at no charge. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3365/exposure-incident-and-reporting.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1867.mp4 Intro to Bloodborne Pathogens Welcome to ProTraining's Bloodborne for Body Art training course. In this lesson, we'll give you a run-down of what you can expect from your course, what's included in the course, and the OSHA requirements that this course meets and maybe even exceeds. Pretend for a second that you're a body artist (should be easy) who regularly comes into contact with client's blood and bodily fluids on occasion and answer the following questions: Do you know how to protect yourself from bloodborne diseases? Do you know what potential diseases you may face if you come into contact with someone's blood or bodily fluids? Would you know what to do if a client started bleeding and blood got on the floor, surfaces, and tools and equipment? Well, not to worry. The goal of this ProBloodborne for Body Art training course is to help you answer these questions with a resounding, yes. We'll provide you with all the knowledge and skills necessary to prevent you from getting a disease from a bloodborne pathogen. Will ProBloodborne for Body Art Meet OSHA's Requirements? This ProBloodborne for Body Art training course is intended for body artists who need OSHA compliant bloodborne pathogens and infection control training. It follows the requirements of OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) that requires the following: Training must be given at the time of initial assignment to tasks where occupational exposure may take place. Annual training for all employees shall be provided within one year of their previous training. Employers shall provide additional training when changes such as the modification of procedures or tasks or the institution of new tasks or procedures affect the employee's occupational exposure. This additional training may be limited to addressing the new exposures created. Pro Tip #1: As a body artist, you can face exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases when you perform tattoos, piercings, and the like. Keep in mind as you progress through this course the importance of what you're learning. All it takes is one misstep or poor decision to impact your life in profound and negative ways. So, while OSHA is requiring you to be here, it's also in your best interest to get as much from this course as you can. (As you move through this course's written content, you'll be greeted with periodic Pro Tips and Warnings. Just like the Dummies series of books you're likely familiar with, these sections are of particular importance and should be given special consideration.) What is Included in the ProBloodborne for Body Art Course? This course includes the following bloodborne pathogens and infection control training: Basic terms related to bloodborne pathogens How bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are spread Infection control for body artists Medical issues with tattoo and piercings Sterilization procedures for body art professionals The Safe Body Art Act AB300 HIV and AIDS Hepatitis B Hepatitis C How you can reduce your risks of exposure Engineering controls Work practices to protect yourself Personal protective equipment Skin diseases Exposure control plans Proper cleanup and decontamination procedures Hazardous waste disposal Procedures to follow if an exposure incident occurs This course is intended to be no less than two hours of valuable training related to bloodborne pathogens and infection control, especially related to the body art profession. In other words, we created this course specifically for you! The entire course consists of lecture videos, written course lessons, as well as opportunities for you to ask questions if they arise via chat, email, or phone. Simply connect with the instructor if you ever have questions. Pro Tip #2: As we learn better by doing, it's important to practice the skills you'll be learning in this course, such as putting on clean gloves, removing contaminated gloves, cleaning contaminated surfaces, tools, and equipment, and even practicing how to wash your hands appropriately. Some of it may seem silly – like washing your hands – but we assure you it's not! At the conclusion of your lecture series, you'll move on to taking your written test. Passing the test will verify that you have retained the valuable information required to be certified for your annual bloodborne pathogens training, specifically for body artists. It is also a great idea to give yourself some hands-on practice before before working with BBP. We also would like to encourage you to opt in to our reminder emails – weekly emails that provide additional training videos just a couple minutes long that will cover a new topic on bloodborne pathogens and infection control. The emails arrive weekly until it's time to renew the following year. To conclude your introductory course lesson, we want to thank you for coming to ProTrainings for your bloodborne pathogens training program. Now, let's get started! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3339/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 204 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/equipment-sterilization-procedures-for-body-art-professionals https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1881.mp4 Equipment Sterilization Procedures for Body Art Professionals In this lesson, you'll learn how to clean and sterilize your body art tools and instruments, from the all-important step of removing them from procedural areas to the final steps of sterilization and packaging. Pro Tip #1: In addition to following basic infection control principles, all reusable equipment must be properly sterilized.  It's important that you take this process seriously and follow all local requirements for the activities presented in this lesson.  They are designed to help prevent infection and provide safe and quality service. Cleaning and Sterilization Steps The following steps should help you with the cleaning and sterilization of contaminated instruments in your body art studio. 1. Use Proper Decontamination Areas Do not clean contaminated equipment where you use it; it must be taken to a specially designated decontamination area. This area must have a sink with cold and hot running water to properly clean and disinfect the equipment. 2. Wear Your PPE It's important to protect yourself when cleaning and decontaminating equipment, which means wearing your personal protective equipment. Pro Tip #2: Keep in mind that it's far easier to prevent an exposure incident than it is to recover from an accidental biological or chemical exposure. 3. Presoak Instruments But not overnight. Soaking them too long can result in the equipment developing corrosions and biofilms which will make cleanup harder than it should be. Keep equipment and instruments in a holding solution for a short time period. This will make cleanup and decontamination easier as well.  4. Clean Instruments There are two general approaches here – ultrasonic cleaning and handwashing. This is the first step before using an autoclave. a. Ultrasonic Cleaning Do not mistake this for sterilization, because it's not. Instead, it uses ultrasonic waves and an appropriate cleaning solvent. Make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions on your machine. It's also important to disassemble all grips, tubes, and tips after cleaning to allow for better sterilization. b. Handwashing Instruments should be submerged while scrubbing them to reduce splattering and the chance of cross-contamination. After washing, rinse thoroughly and allow all instruments to air dry before sterilization. 5. Packaging for Autoclave All equipment should be packaged in special set up packs with color change indicators or packaged individually in peel packs with color change indicators. Keep hinged instruments in the open position. Be sure that all packages are dated and initialed by the preparer. Pro Tip #3: If a sterilized package accidentally opens, gets punctured, or gets wet, you have to resterilize and repackage. 6. Sterilize with the Autoclave Anyone using an autoclave needs to be trained on how to use an autoclave. There are no training wheels! Sterilization requires varying degrees of time depending on: The load How items are arranged The packaging of materials Temperature Type of sterilizing agent Make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions on your autoclave. Proper sterilization also means monitoring the autoclave and keeping sterilization logs for at least three years. Monitoring includes things like monthly spore testing, and checking or recording the following: Time Temperature Pressure Color indicators on each package Integrator in each load At the minimum, a class five integrator must be used in each load. Sterilization logs should include the following: Run date Load number Initials of person running the load Start time End time Temperature Pressure Actions take if there's a sterilization failure Remember: Sterilization logs should be kept for 3 years Once sterilization is complete, it's important to properly store all equipment and instruments. This means storing items in a dry and clean cabinet or a tightly covered container reserved for storing sterilized equipment. Also important – all sterilized instruments need to remain in their sterile packaging until opened, and a good time to do that is in front of the client, so he or she can see your commitment to their safety and will tell every friend they've ever had to go see you for all future body art needs. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3363/equipment-sterilization-procedures-for-body-art-professionals.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1868.mp4 How Bloodborne Pathogens are Spread In this lesson, we'll take a look at how one gets ill from a bloodborne pathogen or infectious disease. But first, how about a couple of definitions? Bloodborne Pathogen – A bloodborne pathogen is a microorganism that's present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. Infectious Disease – An infectious disease is a disease (also caused by microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.) that enters the body through various biological routes. It's important to note that not all bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are created equally, as some can produce mild symptoms, while others can be life-threatening. The Chain of Infection For any disease to spread, several conditions must be present. This is known as the chain of infection. And if you recall from the last lesson, those conditions are as follows: There must be an adequate number of pathogens or disease-causing organisms in the environment. There needs to be a reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and even multiply, such as blood. There must be a mode of transmission from source to host. There must be an entrance through which the pathogen enters the host. The host must be susceptible to that pathogen, as opposed to being immune to it. Pro Tip #1: Infection control strategies help prevent disease transmission by interrupting one or more links in the chain of infection. Sources of Bloodborne Pathogens The primary source of potential bloodborne pathogens is blood and specific bodily fluids, like semen and vaginal secretions. However, there are other bodily fluids that may contain bloodborne pathogens, especially if they are visibly contaminated with blood. Those sources include: Cerebrospinal fluid in the brain Synovial fluid in the joints Pleural fluid in the lungs Amniotic fluid in and around the uterus Pericardial fluid around the heart Peritoneal fluid in the abdomen Urine, feces, saliva, and a few other fluids don't typically carry bloodborne pathogens, however … Pro Tip #2: Because it's so difficult to identify contaminated body fluids or know for sure if those fluids are contaminated with blood, it's important to treat ALL bodily fluids as potential threats that could include bloodborne pathogens. How Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM Get into the Body There are four basic modes of transmission: Direct Contact – Direct contact transmission occurs when microorganisms are transferred from an infected person to another person. An example would be a tattoo artist with an open, uncovered cut or wound, in which blood from a client/source comes in contact with that wound. Parenteral Exposure – Parenteral exposure is when infected blood and/or bodily fluids are introduced into the body through piercing or puncturing the skin. An example would be getting stuck with a contaminated needle or being cut with a sharp object that's been contaminated. Indirect Contact – Indirect contact is when a contaminated object (tools, needles, etc.) contacts a person's skin or mucous membranes, like those found in the eyes, mouth, nose, and ears. Which is why it's so important to decontaminate any objects that have blood on them. Airborne Transmission – Airborne transmission occurs when droplets or small particles that contain an infectious agent remain active in the air and are then inhaled into the body. An example of this would be tuberculosis. While airborne transmission is possible, most cases of bloodborne pathogen infections do not fall into this category. Some Risks are Higher than Others While it's important to consider all blood and bodily fluids potential threats, there are some methods of transmission that are more common than others. Highest Potential Risks The most common ways bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread are: Getting stuck with an infected needle Sexual contact Other than sexual contact, the highest potential risks are when a contaminated, sharp object punctures or cuts the skin, such as with an infected needle, a broken piece of contaminated glass, or getting cut by a razor that was also used by an infected person. Pro Tip #3: Fans of the TV show Live PD will be familiar with police protocol before searching a person – a protocol that includes asking if that person has any sharp objects or needles that could poke, stab, or cut them. If you weren't sure why police officers do this, now you know. Medium Potential Risks Medium risks involve situations where blood and bodily fluids get into an open cut or are absorbed through a mucous membrane – eyes, nose, ears, mouth, etc. Like our tattoo artist example from above. Lowest Potential Risks The lowest potential risks include situations where contaminated objects come in contact with inflamed skin, acne, skin abrasions, etc. Which brings up a good point. Pro Tip #4: Knowing how bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread is important to be sure. But so is knowing what prevents those microorganisms from spreading. And the number one line of defense is intact skin. In fact, the CDC (Center for Disease Control) has stated that there is no known risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases through intact skin. Which means casual contact – like handshaking, hugging, touching doorknobs, etc. – are not considered threats in normal situations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3341/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-tattoo.jpg Yes 309 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hepatitis-b-virus-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1870.mp4 Hepatitis B Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis B virus, also known as HBV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis B infection in the U.S. When a person is first infected with the Hepatitis B virus, it begins as an acute infection (meaning short in duration) and can range from very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. The Hepatitis B virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This in turn can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. An acute infection is defined by duration – the first six months after the person is exposed to the virus. Some people's bodies can fight the infection and rid it from their systems. While others become chronically infected (meaning long-term). Pro Tip #1: What does a chronic infection mean in practical terms? It means the virus remains in the blood, affects and damages liver cells over time, which causes illnesses like cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer, and eventually death. The good news – Around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. The other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B fall into that chronic category outlined above. Warning: Hepatitis B is particularly devastating for infants and young children, as the majority will be at a much greater risk of developing a chronic infection. In most kids, Hepatitis B is a silent killer, and left unchecked will slowly destroy the liver over a period of 20 years or more. How Hepatitis B is Contracted and Spread Hepatitis B is contracted in the same ways as HIV. It's mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, or as a result of sharing needles or syringes with an infected person. And, like HIV, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby, especially if the infant came into contact with blood or other bodily fluids through breaks in the skin like cuts or sores. Pro Tip #2: Do not expect a person with chronic Hepatitis B to look or appear sick. The virus cares little about appearances and will spread regardless. Hepatitis B Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that up to 1.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis B infection 38,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis B virus 3000 people each year die from liver disease caused by Hepatitis B The number of infections has significantly decreased since 1990, thanks to routine Hepatitis B vaccinations Hepatitis B Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and AIDS, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis B are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for both is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis B symptoms include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Pro Tip #3: The Hepatitis B virus is up to 100 times easier to catch than HIV. There are several reasons for this including the virus' size, as it's much smaller than HIV, and the fact that the Hepatitis B virus can live outside the body for at least seven days, depending on specific conditions. Also, like HIV, Hepatitis B cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. Hepatitis B Vaccine This is where the Hepatitis B and HIV similarities end, as there is an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B that is administered in three doses over a six-month period. The vaccine is safe, as it's made from non-infectious materials and cannot cause one to become infected with the Hepatitis B virus. Also, severe problems or allergic reactions are rare. The Hepatitis B vaccine is around 80 – 95 percent effective in providing protection against the virus, but only in situations where all three doses of the vaccine are administered. Pro Tip #4: It's probably a good idea to not assume the vaccine worked. It's easy enough to confirm your newly developed immunity to the Hepatitis B virus but wait at least one to two months after completing the vaccine series before getting tested. *It should be noted, that at this time, booster doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine are not recommended. Consider Getting the Hepatitis Vaccine if … There are some people who are more likely to be occupationally exposed to the Hepatitis B virus than others, and that includes: Tattoo artists, or anyone who performs body piercings or body art People who administer first aid routinely Professionals who provide medical care Employees responsible for assisting in bathroom care People who work in medical and/or dental offices People who handle medical waste Employees who perform custodial duties that involve the cleaning of decontaminated surfaces – blood and other possibly infectious materials Anyone whose job will, or might, expose them to the Hepatitis B virus must be offered the vaccine for free through their employer. Employees who do not want the vaccine will need to complete a vaccine declination form. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3345/hepatitis-b-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1873.mp4 How to Reduce Your Risk with Standard Precautions In this lesson, you'll learn how to minimize your risk of exposure to all bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Your first line of defense when it comes to these threats is known as standard precautions. Standard precautions include maintaining personal hygiene, using personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, work practice controls, and proper equipment for cleaning contaminated areas and surfaces, along with the proper cleanup procedures. Standard precautions represent the minimum infection prevention practices that everyone must follow, based on your employer's control plan. These precautions are key to eliminating exposure to all blood and bodily fluids. Remember, it's better to assume that all bodily fluids carry the risk of disease and/or infection, rather than the opposite – to assume there is no risk. So, what are the standard precautions? Standard Bloodborne and OPIM Precautions Standard precautions can be broken down into two areas – proper use of handwashing and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment, or PPE. Handwashing Pro Tip #1: While it may seem simple, handwashing is the single most effective way to prevent infection. To be as safe as possible, follow the three handwashing guidelines below. Wash your hands before and after contact is made with clients or patients. Wash your hands as often as needed – as they become visibly soiled or when exposed to possibly infectious materials. Wash your hands using soap and hot water immediately after removing your gloves. Pro Tip #2: What if you don't have access to soap and water? In these cases, you can substitute soap and water with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. If you routinely find yourself in these situations, it may be a good idea to carry some hand sanitizer with you. Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment includes things like gloves, gowns, and masks and should be used or worn whenever the exposure to body fluids is anticipated. Warning: Wearing gloves is not a reason to forego handwashing and in no way will eliminate the necessity for handwashing, which is, once again, the single most effective way to prevent infection. Your Employee Exposure Control Plan An exposure control plan is simply a written plan that's provided by your employer, the aim of which is to eliminate or minimize your occupational exposure to blood and OPIM. While the details may vary from one employer to the next, every relevant workplace must provide easily accessible copies of this plan to its employees. Each exposure control plan must include two things: A determination of exposure by job classification and … The implementation of various methods of exposure control, including:a. Universal or standard precautionsb. Engineering and work practice controlsc. Personal protective equipmentd. Information on the Hepatitis B vaccinee. Communication of hazards to employees and the required trainingf. Recordkeepingg. Procedures for evaluating circumstances surrounding exposure incidentsh. Post exposure evaluation and follow-upi. The implementation of methods for all of the above Pro Tip #3: Universal Precautions are a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of HIV, the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens when providing care; these precautions consider blood and OPIM of all patients potentially infectious. These are OSHA-required practices that require you to treat ALL blood and OPIM as if known to be infectious. Protecting Yourself from Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM The fundamental method of protecting yourself against pathogens and infection is by controlling the hazards. This can be accomplished a number of ways, including: Elimination. Get rid of all hazards or hazardous tasks if possible. Substitution. Replace hazards or hazardous tasks with safer equipment and/or safer methods. Engineering controls. Use devices such as self-sheathing needles and sharps containers to block or remove your risks of getting stuck, poked, or cut. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Know where your PPE is located and how to properly use it. Also, keep in mind that PPE only protects you if you use it. Work practice and administrative controls. It's important to follow the policies and procedures for your workplace to eliminate all risks associated with bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. What exactly is a work practice control? A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out. When followed, all of these protection methods will help make your workplace and your work activities much safer. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3351/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 176 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/work-practice-and-engineering-controls https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1874.mp4 Work Practice, Administrative and Engineering Controls In this lesson, we're going to take a closer look at work practice controls, administrative controls, and engineering controls, so that you can have a deeper understanding of not only what they are, but why they're important. Work Practice Controls A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of being exposed to blood or other pathogens by changing the way a task is carried out. Administrative Controls Administrative controls are changes in work procedures such as written safety policies, rules, supervision, schedules, and training with the goal of reducing the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to hazardous chemicals or situations. Administrative controls include the completion of all relevant training, any and all legal requirements that must be met and adhered to, and all the policies and procedures related to infection control at your workplace. Engineering Controls An engineering control measure is one that eliminates, isolates, or removes a hazard from the workplace; things used in the workplace to help reduce the risk of an exposure. Engineering controls include: Sharps disposal containers Needle containment devices Other safety devices that prevent handlers from getting cut or poked Pro Tip #1: Engineering controls should be examined and/or maintained on a regular set schedule to ensure their maximum effectiveness. Make sure these controls are in place at your workplace to minimize your risk of exposure. Examples of Workplace, Administrative, and Engineering Controls This list is in no way meant to be a complete accounting of all controls, but rather to give you a good idea of what workplace, administrative, and engineering controls look like in the workplace. Food, drink, etc. You shouldn't eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics, or handle contact lenses in any and all work areas where there exists the possibility of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials. Trash disposal. When disposing of any trash that contains contaminated materials, do not compress the trash with your hand. Also, when carrying contaminated materials for disposal, be sure to carry the trash away from your body in case of spillage. Environment and work surfaces. All equipment and surfaces in your work environment should be thoroughly cleaned and decontaminated after all contact with blood, other body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Contaminated sharp objects. When dealing with contaminated needles and other sharp objects (routinely shortened to just sharps) there are certain guidelines to follow, such as not using bent needles, recapping needles, or trying to remove questionable needles. All needles and sharps must also be placed into appropriate sharps containers immediately after use. Warning labels. Warning labels should be affixed to all regulated waste and other containers that are used to store, transport, or ship other potentially infected materials. Labels must be fluorescent orange or red, or at least predominantly orange or red, to indicate a possible threat, along with lettering and symbols in a contrasting color. Personal protective equipment. All employees must be provided with personal protective equipment by their employer and at no cost to the employee. Examples of PPE include:a. Gloves – Wear gloves whenever the potential exists of touching blood, bodily fluids, or other potentially contaminated items.b. CPR shields and protective eyewear – Use these items when there's a likelihood of blood and OPIM being secreted or splashed.c. Gowns – Wear a gown when the potential exists of getting blood and other bodily fluids on any clothing or exposed skin.d. Masks and respirators – Use whenever there's a potential risk of coming into contact with airborne infectious diseases. Pro Tip #2: Having personal protective equipment at your workplace is great, but do you know what's even better? Knowing exactly where all PPE is located and being able to properly use them. Be sure PPE is available at your workplace and that you've been appropriately trained to use them. If you're in a profession where you have access to a first aid kit at work, be sure it's properly stocked with all necessary items, such as gloves and CPR face shields or rescue masks. Cleaning Rather than Disposing? If you are tasked with laundering contaminated items – like reusable gowns – rather than disposing of them, make sure you follow your facility's specific procedures for cleaning and handling these items. General laundry procedures will include: Wearing personal protective equipment whenever handling contaminated laundry Keeping contaminated laundry separate from non-contaminated laundry Bagging potentially contaminated laundry in the same area in which it was used, rather than transporting it elsewhere to bag Using leak-proof bags for wet contaminated laundry Transporting contaminated laundry in properly labeled bags, especially when shipping it to an offsite facility A Work Practice Cheat Sheet As you now know, work practice controls reduce the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out, which helps reduce the risk of an exposure incident. This cheat sheet is not meant to be complete, however these are some of the more common controls you'll likely face. Place all sharps items in puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers that are both labeled and available at the point of use. Avoid splashing, spraying, and splattering droplets of blood or OPIM when performing all procedures. Remove and dispose of soiled protective clothing as soon as possible. Clean and disinfect all equipment and work surfaces that may have been soiled by blood or OPIM. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water immediately after being exposed to any potentially contaminated materials and be sure the sink is not located in a food preparation area. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when handwashing facilities are not available. Do not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics or lip balm, handle contact lenses, or touch your mouth, nose, or eyes when you are in an area where you may be exposed to infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3353/work-practice-and-engineering-controls.jpg Yes 210 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/glove-removal-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1877.mp4 Glove Removal Your gloves are your first line of defense against bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials when cleaning up and disinfecting a scene. In this lesson, we'll show you the exact procedure of how to properly and safely remove them. You don't want blood and other bodily fluids to touch your skin, but you especially don't if you have cuts, scrapes, abrasions, or other openings in the skin. Even hangnails could pose a problem and provide an opening for a foreign invader to enter. Remember, not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Ideally, you'll have nitrile gloves. As latex allergies are becoming more common, nitrile gloves provide a better option for many people. Pro Tip #1: While putting on your gloves may sound like common sense and something not requiring instruction, there are three important points to note: Gloves will sometimes stick together, and this may make getting them on more difficult than it should be. (Though most gloves now have a coating or powder on them to prevent this.) Which is why you may have seen someone blow a puff of air into the wrist to make squeezing a hand in easier. This is not appropriate when it comes to infectious materials cleanup, even with clean gloves. Also, you don't want to spread any germs you may have onto the clean gloves. Size matters. Gloves come in many sizes. If your employer has only small or medium size gloves and you're a 300-pound man with sausage fingers, good luck. And do you know what happens when you try and squeeze an extra-large hand into a small glove? Well, let's just say it'll look like your hand is wearing a halter top, and your protection will go bye-bye. So, make sure your employer has your glove size in stock. Because one size rarely fits all. Inspect the gloves for defects, like holes, rips, or cuts. Just like our halter top gloves scenario above, if your gloves have any type of hole, you're not getting that protective barrier you need to stay safe, and you could wind up spreading a pathogen rather than containing and cleaning it up. Safety first, always. Remember, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection. When it comes to gloves, they're like having an additional protective layer of skin. How to Remove Contaminated Gloves If you've seen the video lesson that corresponds with this written version, you may have noticed that glove removal is not a normal process for most people and one that may require a bit of practice to perfect. And since perfection equals being disease and infection-free, practicing taking off your contaminated gloves may not be the worst idea. Pro Tip #2: Keep in mind your goal as it pertains to glove removal – keeping the contaminated materials on one side and your skin on the other. The two sides should always remain separate. To this end, the glove removal process is as follows: 1. Pinch the palm side of one glove on the outside near your wrist. (Glove on glove contact only.)2. Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand.3. Wad up the dirty glove into the palm of your still-gloved hand. Pro Tip #3: You want to completely wad the glove up into that hand so the other glove can easily pass over your fist and not catch on any of the material from the first glove. However, you don't want to squeeze so hard that infectious material comes oozing out. 4. Carefully slip two fingers under the wrist of the other glove. Avoid touching the outside of the glove. (Skin on skin contact only.) 5. Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand. The other glove is now contained inside. By now, you should be holding the inside lining of one glove with the other glove trapped deep down inside. You can also do this with a bloody gauze pad or contaminated paper towel in one of your gloved hands, as all items will wind up at the bottom of the first glove removed. Warning: When removing your gloves, it's important that you don't snap the glove material, so make sure you have a good grip and work slowly and carefully. Snapping the glove's materials could send pathogens and infectious materials flying – into eyes and other mucous membranes or onto clean surfaces. 6. Toss both gloves into the trash along with other PPE. Ideally, you'll have access to a trash receptacle that you can open using a foot pedal. And make sure the liner is appropriate for handling bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials per your regulations. 7. And finally, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and running water, if available. Otherwise, rub your hands thoroughly with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if they are not visibly soiled and then wash your hands as soon as it is practical. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3359/glove-removal-tattoo.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/body-art-storage-chemicals-and-labels https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2917.mp4 Body Art Storage, Chemicals, and Labels In this lesson, you'll be learning how to properly store and label chemicals and hazardous waste. Cross-contamination is always a concern when mixing possibly contaminated objects, surfaces, and gloves with sterilized objects, surfaces, and gloves. Being super aware when handling any of the above items will be required. To maintain a safe and sanitary environment in your tattoo or body art studio, it's vital that all supplies, equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), and chemicals are stored properly and labeled appropriately with proper signage. Proper Storage of Sterilized Supplies and Equipment Properly storing machines, instruments, ink, PPE, and supplies used in body art procedures can help minimize the possibility of cross-contamination. Proper storage refers to two main components: Items are kept in closed storage. Closed storage areas are clean and dry and protected from dust, aerosols, and other chemicals. Sterilized instruments should be placed in clean, dry, labeled, and covered containers or stored in labeled cabinets that can be closed and can still protect from dust and water contamination. Pro Tip #1: Only handle sterilized packages with clean gloves. Touching sterilized items with bare hands or gloves that were used during a body art procedure can easily result in cross-contamination. The pathogen can then be transferred to the sterilized item once the package has been opened. Pro Tip #2: On that same note, sterilized packages should always be evaluated before use and instruments should never be used if the package they came from was wet, torn, or punctured. Bathrooms do not make for good storage rooms and should not be used to store machines, instruments, PPE, or any other supplies used in body art procedures. Proper Storage of Chemicals The most common chemicals in most body art studios are cleaning chemicals and disinfectants. All chemicals must be properly stored and labeled at all times, regardless of whether or not that chemical is hazardous or nonhazardous. Proper labeling and storage can help prevent accidental contamination and misuse. The manufacturer's label must be present, as this will contain some vital information like the common product name, product ID, supplier ID, and the GHS pictogram and hazard statements. Pro Tip #3: Never cover up or remove the manufacturer's label or hazardous information on any chemicals. For any reason! In general, all chemicals must be stored in labeled, closed containers inside a closed storage area that can prevent contamination to machinery, instruments, ink, PPE, supplies, and work surfaces. Chemicals also must be used in a manner consistent with the manufacturer's label. Proper Storage of Regulated Waste For all biohazardous waste or sharps containers, warning labels must be attached to all containers used for the storage or transport of all potentially infectious materials. Labels must be orange or red/orange with a biohazard symbol in a contrasting color. Every procedure area should have a container for the disposal of sharps waste that is: Rigid Puncture resistant Leak-proof Closeable Sealable This waste should be labeled with the words sharps waste or with the international biohazard symbol and the word biohazard. All bags or containers of regulated waste or contaminated laundry must also be labeled with the biohazard symbol and those same words. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5227/body-art-storage-chemicals-and-labels.jpg Yes 187 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/handwashing-for-body-artists https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2452.mp4 Handwashing for Body Artists Handwashing is the single most important infection control technique. And while you may think you already know how to wash your hands properly, the techniques you'll learn in this lesson will be much better suited to keeping you safe in your workplace. When exactly should you wash your hands? You should disinfect or wash your hands whenever they are visibly dirty or contaminated. You should also wash your hands: Before any contact with clients or patients Before putting on gloves Before performing any procedures After taking gloves off After using the bathroom After touching garbage After contact with clients or patients and especially after contact with:• Non-intact skin• Bodily fluids• Excretions• Wound dressings• Contaminated items How should you practice proper handwashing? Pro Tip #1: When it comes to properly disinfecting your hands, new and improved doesn't exist. Washing your hands with soap and water is still the best way to reduce the number of germs in most situations. But what if you don't have access to a sink, hot water, and soap? In these situations, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, but make sure it contains at least 60 percent alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are a great second option and can quickly reduce the number of microbes on your hands in many situations. Warning: While alcohol-based sanitizers are a great option in the absence of a nearby sink, hot water, and soap, they will not eliminate all types of germs. So, if it's just a matter of a slight inconvenience, washing your hands with soap and water is worth that inconvenience. How should you properly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer? The technique is quite simple and there are just three important points to keep in mind: You need enough hand sanitizer to fill the palm of one hand. Spread the sanitizer everywhere on your hands – between your fingers, in every crevice and wrinkle, under any rings you have on, into your cuticles, under nail beds, around your wrists, and so forth. Work the sanitizer into your hands for a minimum of 20 seconds or until your hands are dry. Pro Tip #2: Make sure to follow your own policies and procedures as outlined by your individual employer or your industry, as indications can be different for when the use of alcohol-based sanitizers are deemed appropriate. What if you're wearing a lot of jewelry or a watch that you suspect has been contaminated? In certain cases, or with certain individuals, removing jewelry and a watch will be required before cleaning and disinfecting your hands. If this is the case, make sure you remove these items using personal protective equipment and store them together someplace safe – more as it relates to the spread of infection, not as it relates to the items themselves. After cleaning your hands, you can return to those items and sanitize them as necessary, following the engineering controls and work practices covered under OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Rule. How should you properly wash your hands using soap and water? Again, the technique is quite simple. It's just a matter of following the proper guidelines: Use a disposable paper towel to turn the faucet on. Thoroughly wet your hands with water. Apply a good amount of soap. Rub the soap into your hands for at least 20 seconds, just as you did with the alcohol-based hand sanitizer, covering all areas including the backs of your hands, under fingernails, between fingers, and so forth. Rinse your hands off under running water. Dry your hands using disposable paper towels. Use that disposable towel to turn the faucet off and discard the towel when done. Pro Tip #3: If you're concerned about wasting water when using a sink with manual faucet controls, you can always ask a coworker to help turn the faucet on and off for you. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4369/handwashing-for-body-artists.jpg Yes 80 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hiv-and-aids-stages https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3703.mp4 HIV and AIDS Stages In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the three stages of HIV infection, as well as explore some common symptoms, and finally, we'll look at the three types of tests that are available to diagnose the infection. When people contract the HIV virus and do not opt for any type of treatment, they will usually progress through all three stages of the disease process – from acute HIV infection to the clinical latency period and ultimately the last phase – AIDS. Stage 1 – Acute HIV Infection Acute HIV infection typically occurs within two to four weeks after the person has been infected with the HIV virus. It usually is accompanied with flu-like symptoms which can last a few weeks, as this is the body's natural response to the infection. People in Stage 1 have large amounts of the HIV virus in their blood and are extremely contagious. To compound problems, people in Stage 1 are often unaware that they even have the infection and may not feel sick immediately or at all. To confirm HIV infection, testing is necessary. And we'll get into more details about these tests later in the lesson. Pro Tip #1: People who suspect that they may have the HIV infection, especially if there's a chance they obtained it through drugs or sex and also have flu-like symptoms, should get tested as soon as possible. Stage 2 – Clinical Latency (HIV Inactivity or Dormancy) Stage 2 is sometimes referred to as the asymptomatic HIV infection period or chronic HIV infection. During this stage of the disease, the HIV virus is still active, but it reproduces at very low levels. A person in Stage 2 may not have any symptoms at all or feel sick in any way. If not treated, this period can last 10 plus years, though some people may progress through this stage faster than others. For those taking medications to treat their HIV, like with antiretroviral therapy (ART), Stage 2 can last several decades. Pro Tip #2: It's important to note that people in Stage 2 can transmit the HIV infection to others. However, if taking medications like ART that suppress the infection, they will likely have very low levels of the virus in their blood, which means they are less likely to transmit the virus than someone not receiving treatment. At the end of Stage 2, the viral load begins to increase and the CD4 cell count begins to decrease. As this happens, the HIV infected person may begin having symptoms that often accompany Stage 3. Stage 3 – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Stage 3 is obviously the most severe phase of HIV infection. People who have AIDS will have badly damaged immune systems and are more likely to get an increasing number of severe illnesses as a result. These types of illnesses are sometimes referred to as opportunistic illnesses. Without any type of treatment, people in Stage 3 typically survive about three years. A diagnosis of AIDS is confirmed when the CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm or if the person develops one of those opportunistic illnesses mentioned above. People with AIDS will have a high viral load and will be very infectious. Common symptoms of Stage 3/AIDS include: Chills Fever Sweating Swollen lymph glands Weakness Weight loss HIV/AIDS Testing and Diagnosis The only way to know for sure if someone has the HIV infection or AIDS is to get tested. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV as part of their routine healthcare checkups. Knowing your HIV status provides you with important information that will help you take the necessary steps to keep you and your partner healthy moving forward. If an individual tests positive for HIV infection, medications and treatment can result in remaining healthy for many more years and greatly reduce the chance of transmitting the disease to their sex partner. And if an individual tests negative, there are more prevention tools available today that can help prevent HIV infection than ever before and keep that person from contracting the disease. HIV and Pregnancy Pregnant women should be tested for HIV and should begin treatment immediately if tests come back positive. If an HIV-positive woman receives treatment for HIV infection early during her pregnancy, the risk of transmitting HIV to her baby can be very low. The 3 Types of HIV/AIDS Tests Available 1. Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) This test looks for the actual HIV virus in the blood and is usually considered very accurate during the early stages of HIV infection. However, this test is quite expensive and not routinely used unless the individual recently had high risk or possible exposure and they're also exhibiting early symptoms of HIV infection. 2. Antigen/Antibody Test This test looks for HIV antibodies and antigens in the blood. An antigen is a part of a virus that triggers an immune response. If you've been exposed to HIV, antigens will show up in your blood before HIV antibodies are made. This test can usually find HIV within two to six weeks of infection. 3. Antibody Test Antibodies are produced by the body in reaction to the presence of a virus. An HIV antibody test measures the presence of antibodies in response to the presence of HIV. The most common HIV antibody tests are ELISA (EIA) and Western Blot. These tests can now be performed on samples of oral (mouth) fluid. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6637/hiv-and-aids-stages.jpg Yes 281 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/scabies https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3711.mp4 Scabies In this lesson, we'll be digging into all things scabies related – what it is (the digging into will make more sense then), a common type of scabies, how it's transmitted, the signs and symptoms, how it's diagnosed, and the various ways to prevent and treat scabies. What is Scabies? Scabies is a contagious infestation of the skin by human itch mites, otherwise known as, for you Latin-speaking students, sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. The microscopic scabies mite burrows (or digs) into the upper layer of your skin where it then decides to hunker down, live, and lay some eggs. Scabies infestations are frequently complicated by the presence of bacterial infections, leading to the development of skin sores that can cause more serious conditions such as septicemia, heart disease, and chronic kidney disease. Scabies represents one of the most common dermatological conditions and skin diseases for those living in developing countries. Crusted Norwegian Scabies This severe form of scabies involves the presence of thick crusts of skin that contain large numbers of scabies mites and eggs. It's very contagious and can easily be spread to others by direct skin to skin contact or by contact with items like bedding, clothing, and furniture. And it might not show the usual symptoms – rash and itching. Pro Tip #1: People with crusted scabies should receive quick and aggressive medical treatment to prevent further infestations and outbreaks. You'll recognize it by the crustiness of the skin around the infestations. Crusted scabies can more easily occur in the following groups of people: Those with weakened immune systems The elderly The disabled The debilitated How is Scabies Transmitted? Pro Tip #2: Scabies is usually spread by direct and prolonged skin to skin contact with someone who has been infested. It generally must be prolonged. For this reason, it's spread easily and frequently to sex partners. Scabies can also be spread among household members who aren't sexually active, though less so, by sharing or touching infested items like clothing, bedding, furniture, etc. The incubation period for scabies is between two and six weeks after being infested. It should be noted that a person infested with scabies can spread the condition to others during this time and even when no symptoms are present. The period of communicability lasts until all mites and eggs have been destroyed by treatment, which usually consists of two courses of treatment one week apart. Itching can still persist for two more weeks following the successful eradication of mites and eggs. Signs and Symptoms of Scabies Pro Tip #3: For anyone who has previously had scabies, signs and symptoms can appear much sooner – one to four days after exposure. Common scabies symptoms include: Severe itching, especially at night (earliest and most common symptom) Pimple-like rash is also quite common Scabies can affect much of the body, or it can be limited to common areas, such as: Between fingers Wrists Armpits Penis Nipples Waist Buttocks Shoulder blades How is Scabies Diagnosed? Diagnosis is usually done by appearance – the distribution of a rash and the presence of burrows (where scabies mites make their home in the skin). Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the identification of mites, mite eggs, and mite fecal matter and can be done by carefully removing a mite from the end of its burrow using the tip of a needle, or by scraping the skin. It's then examined under a microscope. It's important to understand that a person can still be infested with scabies even if no mites, eggs, or fecal matter are found. Typically, there are fewer than 10 to 15 mites present on an entire body of an infested person. However, for those with crusted scabies, there can literally be thousands of mites. It should go without saying, that anyone with crusted scabies is highly contagious. Scabies mites can live on a person for as long as one to two months and off a person for usually not longer than 48 to 72 hours. And mites will die if they are exposed to temperatures greater than 50 C and 122 F for at least 10 minutes. Scabies Treatment The main treatment for scabies is scabicide (in lotion or cream). This is the most common medication used to kill scabies mites and some even kill the eggs. It must be applied all over the body, from head to toe. It's only available with a doctor's prescription, and all people in the same household should be treated at the same time to avoid reinfestation. There are over-the-counter lotions and creams used to treat scabies, but these have not been tested or approved. Warning: For infants, ONLY permethrin or a sulfur ointment should be used. Scabies Prevention and Control Scabies is prevented by avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or with the items that an infected person has used, like bedding, clothing, and such. Also, all bedding and clothing worn or used by an infected person three days prior to completing treatment should be machine washed with hot water and a hot dryer cycle, or dry cleaned. Items that cannot be washed or dry cleaned can be disinfested by storing them in closed plastic bags for several days to one week. Scabies mites will not usually survive more than two to three days away from human skin. Institutional outbreaks of scabies can be difficult to control and require swift and aggressive treatment to avoid further spread. Rooms used by people with crusted scabies should be thoroughly cleaned and vacuumed. And environmental disinfestation using pesticides sprays or fogs are usually not necessary and discouraged. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6651/scabies.jpg Yes 360 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/impetigo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3713.mp4 Impetigo In this lesson, we'll be looking at impetigo – what it is, who is most at risk of getting it, how it's transmitted, what the signs and symptoms are, along with how impetigo is diagnosed, treated, and prevented. Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection that's caused by one of two types of bacteria – streptococcus (strep) or staphylococcus (staph). The bacteria enter the body most often after the skin has been injured or irritated from other skin problems like eczema, poison ivy, insect bites, burn, or cuts. Impetigo is one of the most highly contagious skin infections and it mainly affects children. However unlikely, adults can also get impetigo. Impetigo usually appears as red sores on the face, particularly around the nose and mouth, but it can also appear on the hands and feet. When the sores break open, a honey-colored crust follows. Pro Tip #1: Children often get impetigo after they have a cold or when allergies flare up. All the nose wiping and nose blowing makes the skin under the nose especially raw and helps create the perfect environment. However, it can also develop in completely healthy skin. Who is Most at Risk? There are several factors that will increase the risk of getting impetigo and these include: Age, as it's much more common in children ages two to five Crowded living conditions Spreads more easily in schools and childcare settings Warm and humid climates, which is why impetigo is more common in summer Participating in certain contact sports, like wrestling and football Having uncovered broken skin, as bacteria usually enter the body this way How is Impetigo Transmitted? Impetigo is spread mainly by person to person contact, like with kids playing together at recess or through contact sports. It can be spread by touching items belonging to an infected person – towels, bedding, clothing – but this is far less common. Also important to note, impetigo is mostly confined to humans. Pro Tip #2: The period of communicability if left untreated can last weeks or months. However, after just 24 hours of appropriate treatment, this is usually enough to stop the possibility of the person still being infectious. The incubation period for strep is one to three days, while the incubation period for staph is four to 10 days. Signs and Symptoms of Impetigo Sores typically begin as small red spots and change to blisters that eventually crack open. They can remain small as a pimple or grow large as a coin. They aren't usually painful but they're often itchy. The sores can also increase in number, as well as size. And can eventually ooze fluid that then crusts over. Testing and Diagnosis for Impetigo Impetigo doesn't usually require anything other than a quick diagnosis done by a physician based solely on the physical appearance of the sores; lab testing is generally not necessary. Impetigo Treatment Options An antibiotic ointment applied directly to the affected areas is typically enough to treat impetigo. Though, soaking the infected areas in warm water first may help, as removing the scabs first will help ensure the antibiotics can better penetrate the skin. In rare cases where there are numerous sores, a physician might prescribe an oral antibiotic. And it's important to finish whichever treatment the doctor prescribes, even if the sores have already healed, to prevent the infection from returning. Impetigo Prevention Techniques To prevent getting impetigo, the best thing you can do is keep your skin clean and dry and wash any cuts, scrapes, or insect bites as they happen. A little soap and water is usually sufficient. If your child is infected, consider cutting his or her nails short to prevent them from hurting themselves or transmitting the infection to other areas in case they begin to scratch. To prevent the spread of impetigo, gently wash the affected areas with mild soap and water and cover those areas lightly with gauze. Wash your clothing, bedding, towels, and other items daily and do not share them with others. Wear gloves when applying antibiotic ointment, and don't forget to wash your hands immediately afterward. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6657/impetigo.jpg Yes 284 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/what-is-hepatitis-a https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3706.mp4 What is Hepatitis A In this lesson, we'll be going in-depth into all things Hepatitis A, including what it is, who's at risk, how common it is in the U.S., how it's transmitted, the signs and symptoms, how it's diagnosed, treatment options, and saving the best for last – how to prevent it. What is Hepatitis A? Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection that is caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus can be found in the feces of people who are infected with the virus and is most often transmitted through the consumption of food and water. Most people in areas of the world that have poor sanitation have been infected with the Hepatitis A virus. The infection does not cause chronic liver disease and is rarely fatal. However, the Hepatitis A virus can cause debilitating symptoms of fulminant Hepatitis (acute liver failure), which IS often fatal. Who is Most at Risk of Getting Hepatitis A? The chances of contracting Hepatitis A really depend on your environment and your associations with others. Those most at risk include: People with direct contact with someone who has Hepatitis A Travelers to countries where Hepatitis A is common Men who have sexual contact with other men People who use drugs, whether they are injectable or non-injectable Household member and caregivers of recent adopted children from countries where Hepatitis is prevalent People with clotting factor disorders, such as hemophilia People who are working with nonhuman primates How Common is Hepatitis A in the U.S.? In 2015, there were an estimated 2800 Hepatitis A cases in the U.S. alone, and since sanitation and hygiene are much better in the U.S. than in many other countries, you would expect those numbers to be significantly higher in developing areas around the world. Pro Tip #1: Hepatitis A rates have declined by more than 95 percent since the Hepatitis A vaccine first became available in 1995. Those who do have a higher risk of becoming infected with Hepatitis A may want to consider getting vaccinated. It should be noted that children in the U.S. are routinely vaccinated between their first and second birthdays. How is Hepatitis A Transmitted? The Hepatitis A virus is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route. The fecal-oral route (also called the oral-fecal route or orofecal route) describes a particular route of transmission of a disease wherein pathogens in fecal particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. In other words, this usually occurs when an uninfected person ingests food and/or water that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Which is why mothers everywhere always ask, did you wash your hands? A Special Point About Food and Water Contamination It's not just undercooked or raw foods that can become contaminated with the Hepatitis virus. In fact, food can become contaminated with the virus at any point on its journey from seed to food, and this includes: During the growing process During the harvesting process During the processing process While being handled After cooking Even while frozen As Hepatitis A relies on dirty conditions to thrive, areas of the world where there are poor sanitary conditions or poor personal hygiene are prime environments for contracting Hepatitis A. Also, Hepatitis A can be transmitted through close personal contact with someone who is infected with the virus, such as having sexual contact or caring for someone who is ill with the disease. What are the Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis A? Before getting into the signs and symptoms of Hepatitis A, it's worth noting that the incubation period for the disease is between 15 and 50 days, with 28 days being the average incubation period. The signs and symptoms of Hepatitis A can range from mild to severe and include: Fever Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Dark urine Clay colored stools Joint pain Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) Pro Tip #2: Just because you don't have all the symptoms doesn't necessarily mean you haven't been infected with the virus. Not everyone, particularly adults, will have all of these symptoms. However, adults will generally have more than children. Infected children under the age of six will not usually show any symptoms associated with Hepatitis A, and only 10 percent of them will develop jaundice. However, among older children and adults, the infection will usually cause jaundice, along with other more severe symptoms, in 70 percent of the cases. Also noteworthy is that the severity of the disease plus fatal outcomes are both higher in older age groups. How is Hepatitis A Diagnosed? The problem is that cases of Hepatitis A are not clinically distinguishable from other types of acute viral Hepatitis. A specific diagnosis is made by the detection of HAV-specific Immunoglobulin (IgM) antibodies in the blood of those suspected of having the virus. Another diagnostic test is the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction … just in case you were interested. How is Hepatitis A Treated? Sadly, there are no specific (as in good) treatments for Hepatitis A. recovery from symptoms following infection is often slow and may take several weeks or months, which makes vaccination all the more appealing of an option. Instead, therapies are usually aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including the replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhea. How is Hepatitis A Prevented? The most effective ways to prevent Hepatitis A include: Improved sanitation• Proper community sewage disposal Following food safety recommendations Immunization Adequate supplies of safe water Personal hygiene practices• Regular handwashing with safe water And in case you're not entirely sure how to wash your hands, not to worry; we have a whole lesson devoted to just that coming up later. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6643/what-is-hepatitis-a.jpg Yes 288 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hiv-details https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3702.mp4 HIV Details In this lesson, we're going to look at more details and facts about HIV and AIDS than you may have thought even existed. We'll look more closely at what these acronyms actually refer to, who is most at risk, some HIV and AIDS statistics, how the disease is transmitted, signs and symptoms, and the period of communicability. What is HIV and AIDS? HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The virus can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not properly treated. HIV attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (also known as T cells) which help the immune system fight off the infection. Warning: Unlike other viruses, the human body cannot completely rid itself of HIV, even with treatment. Once you get it, you have it for life. When untreated, HIV reduces the number of T cells in the body, making it more likely that the person infected will get other infections or infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV can destroy so many cells that the body cannot fight off future infections and diseases. Opportunistic infections or cancers then take advantage of a very weakened immune system and signal that the person has AIDS – the last and most advanced stage of HIV infection. It can take from two to 15 years to develop depending on the individual. AIDS is actually defined by the development of certain cancers or infections or other severe clinical manifestations. Who is Most at Risk of Contracting HIV or AIDS? There are a number of behaviors and conditions that put an individual at a greater risk of contracting HIV and these include: Unprotected anal and vaginal sex Having another sexually transmitted infection such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and bacterial vaginosis Sharing contaminated needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment and drug solutions when injecting drugs Receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions, tissue transplantation, and medical procedures that involve unsterile cutting or piercing HIV and AIDS Statistics At the end of 2015, it's estimated that 1.1 million people aged 13 or older were living with HIV infection in the U.S., including an estimated 162,500 people (around 15 percent) whose infection had not been diagnosed. See stats from 2018. Some statistics for 2016 include: The number of new HIV diagnoses in the U.S. was 39,782• 32,131 diagnoses among adult and adolescent males aged 13 or older• 7529 diagnoses among adult and adolescent females• 122 diagnoses among children younger than 13 years old There were 1.8 million new cases of HIV discovered worldwide There were 36.7 million people living with HIV worldwide There were 19.5 million people receiving medications to treat HIV, known as antiretroviral therapy (ART) There were one million deaths from AIDS-related illnesses Sub-Saharan Africa bears the heaviest burden of HIV and AIDS cases worldwide, with around 64 percent of all new HIV infections. Other regions significantly affected include: Asia and the Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern Europe and Central Asia How is HIV Transmitted? HIV is mostly transmitted through sexual behaviors and needle or syringe use, though as you'll soon see, there are a few other less common modes of transmission. Transmission via Sexual Behaviors Transmission through sexual activities includes: Having anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV without using a condom or taking medications to prevent HIV For the HIV negative partner, receptive anal sex (bottoming) is the highest risk behavior, but you can also get HIV from insertive anal sex (topping) Pro Tip #1: Either partner can get HIV through vaginal sex, though it's less risky than receptive anal sex. Transmission via Needle or Syringe Use Transmission through needle or syringe use is most commonly seen with people sharing needles/syringes, rinse water, or other equipment used to prepare drugs for injection with someone who has HIV. Pro Tip #2: HIV can live in a used needle or syringe for up to 42 days depending on the temperature and other factors. Transmission via Bodily Fluids Only certain body fluids from an infected person can transmit HIV, such as: Blood Semen Pre-seminal fluid Rectal fluids Vaginal fluids Breast milk These fluids must come in contact with mucous membranes or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the bloodstream from a needle or syringe for transmission to occur. Mucous membranes can be found, as you already have learned, in the mouth, ears, nose, and eyes, but also inside the rectum, vagina, and penis. These various mucous membranes also offer routes of transmission. Transmission via Less Common Modes HIV can be spread less commonly from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding, and also through needle stick injuries. In extremely rare cases, HIV has been transmitted by: Oral sex Receiving blood transfusion, blood products, or organ or tissue transplants that have been contaminated with HIV Eating food that has been pre-chewed by an HIV infected person, usually among infants Being bitten by a person with HIV Contact between broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes and HIV infected blood or body fluids contaminated with blood Deep open mouth kissing if both people have sores or bleeding gums and blood from the HIV-positive partner gets into the bloodstream of the HIV-negative partner Pro Tip #3: The average HIV/AIDS incubation period is 10 years! Signs and Symptoms of HIV and AIDS About 40 to 90 percent of those infected have flu-like symptoms within two to four weeks after becoming infected. While other people don't feel sick at all during this stage, which is also known as acute HIV infection. These flu-like symptoms can include: Fever Chills Rash Night sweats Muscle aches Sore throat Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Mouth ulcers These symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. Warning: During this time, HIV infection may not show up on some types of HIV tests, but people who have it are highly infectious and can spread the infection to others. The Period of Communicability Some things to keep in mind as it relates to communicability are: All antibody positive people carry the HIV virus Infectiousness is presumed to be lifelong, although successful treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can lower the viral load in the blood and semen to undetectable levels Treatment can slow the progression from one stage to the next Treatment can also dramatically reduce the chance of transmitting HIV to someone else https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6635/hiv-details.jpg Yes 435 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/tuberculosis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3712.mp4 Tuberculosis In this lesson, we'll be looking deeper into tuberculosis (TB). We'll examine what the disease is, the two TB-related conditions, who is most at risk, the incidence rate in the U.S., how it's transmitted, and the treatment options and preventative measures people most at risk can take. TB is caused by a bacterium appropriately called mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but it can also attack any part of the body including the kidneys, brain, and spine. TB is one of the world's deadliest diseases (though not in the U.S.), and while very contagious, it's also curable and preventable. TB-Related Conditions There are two TB-related conditions: 1. Latent TB Infection (LTBI) LTBI is present when an infected person has the TB germs in the body but isn't sick due to the germs not being active. There are usually no symptoms of TB disease and that person cannot spread the disease to others. However, that same person could still develop TB disease in the future. Often, treatment is given to prevent the person from developing TB disease. 2. TB Disease TB disease is present when the TB germs are active. In these situations, the germs multiply and destroy tissue in the body. Symptoms are usually present. People with TB disease in the lungs and throat can spread the TB germs to others and are also prescribed treatment, usually drugs. Who is Most at Risk? There are two groups of people most at risk of getting TB. 1. People recently infected with TB bacteria People who have come in close contact with a person infected with the TB bacteria, people who have immigrated from high-rate areas around the world, and children under the age of five who have tested positive for the TB bacteria are most at risk. People with high rates of TB transmission include: Homeless people Injection drug users People who have HIV People working in or living in places where there are high-risk individuals:• Hospitals• Homeless shelters• Correctional facilities• Nursing homes• Residential homes for people with HIV 2. People with medical conditions that weaken the immune system Those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable, and this includes babies and younger children. Others who typically have weakened immune systems include: People who have HIV Substance abusers People with silicosis People with severe kidney disease People with low bodyweight People with diabetes mellitus Organ transplant recipients People with head or neck cancer People on corticosteroids People receiving specialized treatments for rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease Incidence Rates in the U.S. Incidence rates of TB in the U.S. are low. In 2016, there were only a total of 9272 TB cases reported, which represents a decrease of 2.9 percent from 2015. The national incidence rate is 2.9 cases per 100,000 people, which also represents a decrease from 2015 of 3.6 percent. How is TB Transmitted? The TB bacteria is spread by airborne transmission, meaning through the air from one person to another. The bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB in the lungs and throat cough, speak, or sing. People in the vicinity then breathe in that bacteria and become infected. The bacteria settle in the lungs and begin to grow. They can then move through the blood to other parts of the body, namely the kidneys, brain, and spine. Pro Tip #1: It's equally important to know how TB is NOT transmitted: by shaking hands, sharing food and drink, contact with bed linens or toilet seats, using toothbrushes, or kissing. It's passed via airborne transmission only. Signs and Symptoms of TB TB symptoms depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing. Usually, TB grows in the lungs (pulmonary TB) and this can cause: Bad cough lasting three or more weeks Pain in the chest Coughing up blood or phlegm Other more general symptoms can also include: Weakness or fatigue Weight loss Loss of appetite Chills Fever Night sweats TB Testing and Diagnosis There are two kinds of tests to detect the TB bacteria in the body. 1. TB Skin Test The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid called tuberculin into the skin on a person's arm. That person then must return 48 to 72 hours later to have a healthcare provider check for their reaction. The diagnosis depends on the size of the raised, hard area or swelling on the arm that results from the injection. It should be noted that this is the preferred TB test for children under five years of age. 2. TB Blood Test The TB blood test, also called Interferon-gamma release assay or IGRA, is done when a healthcare provider draws blood from a person suspected of having TB and sends it to the lab for analysis and results. Regardless of which test is done, a positive test is a sign that the person tested is infected with the TB bacteria and additional tests must be done to see if it's a latent TB infection or TB disease A negative test is a sign that the person's body did not react to the testing and neither latent TB infection nor TB disease are likely. TB Treatment Options There are 10 drugs currently approved by the FDA for treating TB. In addition, the CDC offers a guide for a basic treatment schedule. TB Prevention Techniques There is a TB vaccine known as the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine. It's used in many countries that have high rates of infection to prevent childhood TB and also meningitis, miliary disease, and it's especially recommended for both children and healthcare workers. Preventative measures also include education, training, and counseling about TB infection and who is most at risk. Testing and evaluating those most at risk is also vital, as is: Coordinating efforts between local and state health departments and high-risk healthcare and congregate settings Ensuring the proper cleaning, sterilization, and disinfection of equipment that may be contaminated Adequate local or general ventilation of working areas Cleaning the air using high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration or ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Using posters and signs to remind people to use proper cough etiquette, like covering the mouth, and respiratory hygiene Pro Tip #2: The period of communicability for TB is from an assigned date of three months prior to symptom onset or positive testing. An individual is considered no longer communicable two weeks after the completion of effective treatment, which would cause a significant reduction in symptoms. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6655/tuberculosis.jpg Yes 496 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hepatitis-b-details https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3707.mp4 Hepatitis B Details In this lesson, we'll be covering everything to do with Hepatitis B including what it is, the various classifications, who is most at risk, how common it is in the U.S., how it's transmitted, the signs and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, and treatment and prevention options. What is Hepatitis B? Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can cause both acute and chronic infections, it's very contagious, and it can be easily spread from one person to another. Hepatitis B Classifications There are two classifications of Hepatitis B: acute and chronic. Acute Hepatitis B virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first six months after exposure to the virus. Chronic Hepatitis B virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis B virus remains in the body. Who is Most at Risk for Hepatitis B? People most at risk of getting Hepatitis B include: People who have sex with an infected person People with multiple sex partners People who have a sexually transmitted disease Men who have sex with other men People who share injectable drugs, needles, syringes, and other drug equipment People who live with an infected person Infants born to infected mothers People who are exposed to blood at work Hemodialysis patients People who travel to countries with moderate to high rates of infection How Common is Hepatitis B in the U.S.? Acute Hepatitis B Since routine vaccinations have been available, rates of acute infections have declined by approximately 82 percent since 1991 and have dramatically declined particularly among children. In 2015, there were an estimated 19,200 new cases of Hepatitis B virus infections, though the actual number is likely much higher since many people don't know they're infected, don't have symptoms, and have never been tested. Chronic Hepatitis B It is estimated that between 850,000 and 2.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic infection. And globally, approximately 240 million people are infected, contributing to around 786,000 deaths each year. How is Hepatitis B Transmitted? Hepatitis B is spread when blood, semen, and other body fluids infected with the virus enters the body of a person not infected. People can become infected during activities like: Birth, as it can be spread from mother to child Sex with an infected partner Sharing needles, syringes, and other drug-injection equipment Sharing items like razors and toothbrushes with infected people Direct contact with blood or open sores of an infected person Exposure to blood from needlesticks and other sharp instruments The incubation period is between 45 and 160 days with 120 days being average. Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis B Acute Hepatitis B Signs and symptoms of acute infection include: Fever Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Dark urine Clay colored bowel movements Jaundice (yellow skin or eyes) Pro Tip #1: Symptoms usually last a few weeks; however, some people can be ill for as long as six months. Chronic Hepatitis B Some people have ongoing symptoms similar to acute Hepatitis B but most individuals with a chronic infection remain symptom free for as long as 20 or 30 years. Around 15 to 25 percent of people with a chronic infection develop serious liver conditions like cirrhosis (scarring) or liver cancer. Pro Tip #2: Even as the liver becomes diseased, some people still won't have symptoms. However, certain blood tests for liver function may show abnormalities. How is Hepatitis B Diagnosed? The number one way to diagnose Hepatitis B is with a blood test. And there are a number of those available. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Test This test looks for Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, a protein on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus. It can be detected in the blood during an acute or chronic infection. The body normally produces antibodies to HBsAg as part of the immune response to the infection. A positive test means that a person has acute or chronic Hepatitis B and it can be spread to others. A negative test means there is no sign of the virus in the blood. Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (anti-HBs) Test This is an antibody that is produced by the body in response to the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen. A positive test means that the person is protected or immune from getting the virus for one or two reasons: 1. The person was successfully vaccinated.2. The person had an infection and recovered from it, meaning they can't get it again. Total Hepatitis B Core Antibody (anti-HBc) Test This is an antibody that is produced by the body in response to a part of the Hepatitis virus called a core antigen. The meaning of this test often depends on the results of two other tests – anti-HBs and HBsAg. A positive test means the person is currently infected with the virus or was infected in the past. IgM Antibody Core Antigen (IgM anti-HBc) Test This test is used to detect an acute infection. A positive test means the person was infected with the virus within the last six months. Hepatitis B “e” Antigen (HBeAg) Test This is a protein found in the blood when the virus is present during an active infection. A positive test means the person has high levels of the virus in their blood and can easily spread it to others. The test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for chronic Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B e Antibody (HBeAb or anti-HBe) Test This is an antibody produced by the body in response to the Hepatitis B “e” antigen. A positive test means the person has a chronic infection but is also at a lower risk of liver problems, as they have low levels of the virus in their blood. Hepatitis Viral DNA Test This test is used to detect the presence of the virus DNA in the person's blood. A positive test means the virus is multiplying in the body, which means the person is highly contagious and can spread the virus to others more easily. If a person has a chronic infection, the presence of viral DNA means they are possibly at an increased risk for liver damage. The test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of drug therapy for chronic Hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis B Treatment Options Acute Hepatitis B Sadly, no medications are available to treat an acute infection. The best treatment options are focused on support. Therefore, during an acute infection, doctors recommend: Rest Adequate nutrition Fluids Possibly hospitalization Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment options for a chronic infection include: Regular monitoring for signs of liver disease progression Oral medications (oral antiviral agents) like Tenofovir and Entecavir – the most potent drugs on the market to suppress the virus and rarely leading to drug resistance. Hepatitis B Prevention The first line of defense is vaccination. The hepatitis vaccine includes a sequence of shots that stimulate a person's natural immune system to protect against HBV. After it's given, the body makes antibodies that protect against the virus. The vaccine is recommended for: All infants starting with a first dose at birth All adolescents and children under the age of 19 who have not been vaccinated People who are sex partners with those infected with the virus People who have multiple sex partners People who have a sexually transmitted disease Men who have sex with other men People who share needles, syringes, and other drug-injecting equipment People with close household contact with an infected person Healthcare and public safety workers who are at risk of exposure to blood or contaminated body fluids People with end-stage renal disease including predialysis, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and home dialysis patients Residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled people Travelers to regions where there is moderate to high rates of infection People with chronic liver disease People with HIV infection Anyone who wants to be protected from the virus Vaccinations are also recommended for anyone who works at: Sexually transmitted disease treatment facilities HIV testing and treatment facilities Facilities providing drug abuse treatment and prevention services Healthcare settings that target services to injection drug users Healthcare settings targeting services to men who have sex with other men Chronic hemodialysis facilities and end-stage renal disease programs Correctional facilities Institutions and nonresidential day care facilities for developmentally disabled people https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6645/hepitits-b-details.jpg Yes 666 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hiv-prevention-and-treatment https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3704.mp4 HIV Prevention and Treatment In this lesson, you'll learn about HIV preventive techniques, regardless of your individual circumstances, and the HIV treatment options that are currently available. And you'll learn a little about how those infected with the disease can still live long and healthy lives. Firstly, all individuals can reduce their risk of HIV infection by making better choices and limiting their exposure simply by using a few prevention techniques. Prevention Techniques Using Condoms For many, this means correct and consistent use of male and female condoms during vaginal and/or anal penetration, which can protect against the spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Evidence shows that male latex condoms have an 85 percent or greater protective effect against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Testing and counseling for HIV and STIs is vitally important. It is strongly advised for people who have exposure to any of the risk factors. It's also strongly advised that people learn about their infection status (as in getting tested) and access prevention services without delay. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends testing for partners and couples. They also recommend assisted partner notification approaches for those who have been confirmed to be HIV positive. This helps people with HIV receive support to inform their partners on their own or with the help of a healthcare provider. Tuberculosis Screening Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common presenting illness for people infected with HIV and is also the leading cause of death at around 37 percent. TB is fatal if it goes undetected and untreated. Therefore, early detection and prompt treatment can help prevent those deaths. Symptoms of tuberculosis include: Coughing up blood Fever Chest pain Chills Weight loss Night sweats Chronic cough Lack of appetite Fatigue Pro Tip #1: HIV testing and TB screening is routinely offered at HIV care centers. For anyone who suspects either, they should get tested immediately. If diagnosed, individuals with HIV and active TB should urgently begin effective TB treatment, including for multidrug resistant TB and ART. For individuals with HIV but not active TB, it's wise to pursue TB preventative therapy. Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) VMMC reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men by approximately 60 percent. VMMC is a key preventative technique that's supported in 15 countries in African with rates of HIV infection and low circumcision rates. This type of prevention is regarded as a good approach to reach men and adolescent boys who don't often seek healthcare services. Antiretroviral (ART) for Prevention Using ARTs, the risk of transmitting the HIV virus to an uninfected partner can be reduced by as much as 96 percent. The WHO recommends the initiation of ART in all people living with HIV, as it can significantly reduce HIV transmission. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) PrEP is an oral prevention technique that involves the daily use of ARV drugs by HIV-negative people to block the acquisition of HIV. The WHO recommends PrEP as a preventative measure for all people who have a higher than normal risk of HIV infection as part of a combination of preventative approaches. The WHO also expanded their recommendation to include HIV-negative women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) PEP involves the use of ARV drugs within 72 hours of exposure to the HIV virus. PEP also includes counseling, first aid care, HIV testing, and the administration of a 28-day course of ARV drugs with follow up care. The WHO recommends PEP use for both occupational and non-occupational exposures and for both adults and children. Harm Reduction Measures for Drug Users People who inject drugs should take precautions against becoming infected with HIV. These precautions include: Using sterile injecting equipment like needles and syringes Not sharing drug-using equipment and drug solutions Treatment of opioid dependence, particularly opioid substitution therapy HIV testing and counseling HIV treatment and care Risk-reduction education and the provision of naloxone Access to free condoms The management of STIs, TB, and viral hepatitis Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission (EMTCT) The transmission of HIV from HIV-positive mothers to their babies during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or while breast feeding is called mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). In the absence of any interventions during these stages, the rates of HIV transmission from mother to child is between 15 to 45 percent. MTCT can be nearly prevented if both mother and baby are provided with ARV drugs as early in the pregnancy as possible and also during breast feeding. HIV Treatment HIV treatment involves taking medications that slow the progression of the virus in the body. HIV-type of viruses are called retroviruses, and drugs that are used to treat them are called antiretrovirals (ARVs). These drugs are always given in combination with other ARVs. This combination approach is what's known as antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although there is no cure for HIV, ART can help keep HIV-infected people healthy for many years and greatly reduce the chances of transmitting HIV to their partners if they are taken correctly and consistently. ART reduces the amount of the virus in the blood (viral load) and body fluids. ART is recommended for all people living with HIV regardless of how long they've had the virus or how healthy they appear and feel. HIV treatment is most successful when those infected know what to expect and are committed to taking their medications exactly as they are prescribed. Working with a healthcare provider on a treatment plan can help those infected manage the disease more effectively. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6639/hiv-prevention-and-treatment.jpg Yes 395 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/what-is-herpes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3708.mp4 What is Herpes In this lesson, we're going to look at herpes, including some shocking statistics, the two types of herpes, how it's transmitted, how it's diagnosed, treatment options, and how to prevent herpes. The herpes infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two categories or types of herpes – herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Herpes simplex virus type 1 refers mainly to oral herpes, which appears mostly as cold sores. Herpes simplex virus type 2 refers to genital herpes. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Oral Herpes HSV-1 is highly contagious and is a larger problem around the world than most would think. Most HSV-1 infections are acquired during childhood and infection is lifelong. Also, most HSV-1 infections are oral herpes (rather than genital) that occur in and around the mouth. The incidence rates of HSV-1 are profound. In 2012, there were an estimated 3.7 billion people worldwide under 50 years of age with the infection. The highest area of prevalence was in Africa, at around 87 percent of the population. The lowest area of prevalence was in the Americas, at between 40 and 50 percent. In 2012, there were 140 million people between the ages of 15 and 49 with the genital version of HSV-1 and prevalence once again varied by region. Most genital HSV-1 infections occurred in the Americas, Europe, and the Western Pacific region, where it continues to be acquired well into adulthood. In other regions, like Africa, most HSV-1 infections are acquired in childhood, well before the age that most begin having sexual contact. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Oral Herpes – How is it Transmitted? This infection is mostly transmitted by mouth to mouth contact via sores, saliva, and surfaces in and around the mouth. The other mode of transmission is oral to genital contact, which is the cause of genital type 1 herpes. Pro Tip #1: HSV-1 can be transmitted from oral or skin surfaces that appear normal and healthy, as in an absence of signs and symptoms. However, it's equally important to know that the greatest risk of becoming infected is when there is the presence of obvious and active sores. Individuals who already have HSV-1 oral herpes are unlikely to also be infected with HSV-1 genital herpes. In rare circumstances, an infection can be transmitted from mother to baby during birth. The incubation period for HSV-1 oral herpes is between 2 and 12 days. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Oral Herpes – Signs and Symptoms There are often no signs and symptoms of HSV-1 oral herpes. However, if there are, those symptoms include: Tingling, itching, and burning sensation around the mouth prior to sores appearing Painful blisters and open sores in and around the mouth, such as cold sores Clusters or groups of painful blisters that ooze clear, yellowish fluid that will crust over This type of infection comes and goes, and the frequency of recurrences varies from person to person. Oral symptoms, in particular, can result in intense pain at the onset of infection, making eating and drinking difficult. Symptoms can appear on lips, gums, the front of the tongue, inside the cheeks, in the throat, and on the roof of the mouth. Gums can become mildly swollen and red and may bleed. Symptoms aren't limited to the oral areas and can extend down the chin and neck. Lymph nodes in the neck are often swollen and painful. For people in their teens or 20s, sore throats with swollen sores and a grayish coating on the tonsils are also common symptoms. Pro Tip #2: Herpes is highly communicable (easily transmitted to others). The secretion of the virus in saliva can occur for up to seven weeks after recovery from stomatitis – inflammation of mouth and lips. And people with primary genital lesions are infectious for 7-10 days. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Genital Herpes HSV-2 is also widespread around the world and is almost exclusively sexually transmitted and the main cause of genital herpes, though as you've just learned the HSV-1 virus can also cause genital herpes. Infection with HSV-2 is also lifelong and incurable. The incidence rates of HSV-2 are just slightly less shocking than HSV-1. Annually, 776,000 people in the U.S. get a new HSV-2 herpes infection. Slightly more than 15 percent of people ages 14 to 49 have an HSV-2 infection. HSV-2 is more common for women than men (20.3 percent vs. 10.6 percent) as genital infection is more easily transmitted from men to women. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Genital Herpes – How is it Transmitted? This type of herpes is mainly transmitted during sex through contact with genital surfaces, skin, sores, or fluids of someone infected with the virus. HSV-2 can be transmitted from skin in or around the genitals and anal area that appears normal and symptom-free. And in rare circumstances, it can be passed from mother to baby during birth. The incubation period for HSV-2 genital herpes is between 2 and 12 days. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Genital Herpes – Signs and Symptoms Like HSV-1, HSV-2 can also be present without any symptoms at all or just mild symptoms that go unnoticed or are mistaken for something else. When symptoms are present, they include: One or more small blisters on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth Fever Body aches Swollen lymph nodes Headache Pro Tip #3: The first outbreak usually includes longer-lasting symptoms (like sores or lesions) and a greater chance of transmitting the infection to others. Symptoms of recurrent outbreaks also include: Localized genital pain and tingling Shooting pain in the legs, hips, and buttocks Recurrent symptoms can occur hours or days before the eruption of lesions, which are typically shorter in duration and less severe than the first outbreak. How is Herpes Diagnosed? HSV-1 (Oral Herpes) HSV-1 diagnosis is done through an Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. This is a blood test that looks for antibodies to the HSV-1 virus in the blood. This is a highly sensitive test and will only detect the presence of HSV-1 antibodies. HSV-2 (Genital Herpes) HSV-2 diagnosis is done using a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test. This test produces rapid and accurate results and is increasingly being used. A viral culture requires a sample from a lesion and if viral growth is found, a procedure will differentiate the HSV-1 virus from the HSV-2 virus. Pro Tip #4: With the shocking statistics presented in this lesson, you may be inclined to be tested immediately. However, the CDC does not recommend screening for the general population. Having said that, there are several scenarios where HSV tests may be recommended and these include: People with recurrent genital symptoms People with a clinical diagnosis of genital herpes even though lab tests have not been done to confirm an infection People who have a sex partner with herpes People who have another STD or have multiple sex partners People who have HIV What are the Treatment Options for Herpes? As already mentioned, there is no cure for either type of herpes. However, antiviral medications can prevent or shorten outbreaks for those who are infected. Also, antiviral medications can reduce the chance of spreading the disease to others. At this time, there is no commercially available vaccine to protect against either herpes virus. What are the Prevention Techniques for Herpes? Herpes prevention looks like a recipe for becoming a Buddhist monk and includes: For HSV-1 (Oral Herpes) Avoid oral contact with others and sharing objects that come in contact with saliva Abstain from oral sex to avoid the transmission of herpes to the genitals of all sex partners For HSV-2 (Genital Herpes) Abstain from sexual contact Be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with sex partners who have been tested and shown to be uninfected https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6647/what-is-herpes.jpg Yes 598 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/molluscum-contagiosum https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3709.mp4 Molluscum Contagiosum In this lesson, we'll be diving into molluscum contagiosum, a condition most of you are probably not familiar with in the slightest. We'll predictability provide information on what it is, who's most at risk, how it's transmitted, the signs and symptoms, how it's diagnosed, as well as treatment options and prevention strategies. Molluscum is an infection caused by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus) that usually results in a benign, mild skin disease with lesions that can appear anywhere on the body. The good news is that molluscum is self-resolving, which means it typically goes away on its own. Lesions are small, raised, and usually white, pink, or flesh colored. They have a dimple or pit in the center, are smooth and firm, and can range in size from 2-5mm, or about the size of a pinhead to the size of a pencil eraser. Mollusca can appear alone or in groups and can occur anywhere on the body, including the face, neck, arms, legs, abdomen, and genitals. However, they are rarely found on the palms and soles of the feet. Who is Most at Risk? Molluscum is most common in, but not limited to, children between the ages of one and 10 years of age. People with weakened immune systems (HIV, cancer) are also at risk, and the growths for these individuals may be larger and more difficult to treat. People with atopic dermatitis are also at risk, due to breaks in the skin, as are people who live in warm, humid climates with crowded living conditions. How is Molluscum Transmitted? There are a few ways that molluscum is transmitted including: Person to person contact, including sexual contact By touching contaminated objects Shaving and electrolysis Pro Tip #1: Molluscum is easily spread to other areas of the body by touching or scratching lesions then touching somewhere else, which is known as autoinoculation. The virus remains on the top layer of skin (epidermis) and does not circulate throughout the body. Once lesions are gone, so too is the virus. And when that happens, it cannot be spread to others. The incubation period for molluscum is from two weeks to six months. Signs and Symptoms of Molluscum Molluscum appears as a small, pearly-white bump on the skin with a central depression, possibly secreting a white cheesy substance. Lesions are between 2-5mm, usually painless and may become inflamed, red, and swollen. These bumps will usually disappear spontaneously within six to 12 months but could linger for up to four years. Most cases involve children over the age of one, and there is only one known case of an infant becoming infected. How is Molluscum Diagnosed? Lesions are classified in one of three ways: Lesions that are found on the face, trunk, and limbs of a child. Sexually transmitted lesions on the abdomen, inner thighs, and genitals of sexually active adults. Diffuse, recalcitrant eruptions on people with AIDS and other immunosuppressive disorders. The period of communicability is unknown but likely lasts as long as lesions persist. Molluscum Treatment Options Because molluscum is self-limiting in healthy people, treatment is usually not necessary. However, issues such as lesion visibility, underlying atopic diseases, and the desire to prevent transmission may prompt treatment. And treatment is usually recommended if lesions are in the genital area. Treatment consists of medications or physical removal by the following means: Cryotherapy – freezing with liquid nitrogen Cutting, scraping, or scooping Laser therapy Pro Tip #2: Under the heading of don't try this at home, physical removal requires a trained healthcare provider. Anesthesia may be required, and removal can result in pain, irritation, and scarring. Oral cimetidine (medication) is an alternative treatment for small children who are afraid of the pain associated with removal or because of the avoidance of scarring. It should be noted that facial Mollusca don't respond as well to this treatment as do lesions elsewhere on the body. Prevention of Molluscum The best way to prevent molluscum is to follow good hygiene habits. The virus only lives on the skin. Once lesions are gone, the virus is gone and cannot be spread to others. Handwashing is the best line of defense, as it removes the germs that may have been picked up from other people or surfaces with germs on them. Pro Tip #3: Do not touch, scratch, or pick at lesions. Doing so can spread the virus to other parts of the body and other people who come in contact with you. It's also important to keep lesions clean and covered at all times, and it's a good idea to keep them dry as well. Be especially careful during sporting activities, like taking part in contact sports like football, wrestling, and basketball. And don't share equipment like towels, clothing, swimsuits, baseball gloves, helmets, and personal items like hairbrushes, wrist watches, and bar soap if you have an infection. If you have lesions around the genitals – penis, vulva, vagina, and anus – avoid sexual contact until after seeing a healthcare provider. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6649/molluscum-contagiosum.jpg Yes 391 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/ringworm https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3710.mp4 Ringworm In this lesson, you'll be learning all about ringworm – what it is, who is most at risk, signs and symptoms, along with the customary treatment options and prevention techniques. Ringworm is a common infection of the skin and nails that are caused by a fungus. The infection is called ringworm because it causes an itchy red circular red rash. However, there are also different types of ringworm that have a variety of names based on the location. In fact, there are approximately 40 different species of fungi that can cause ringworm. Areas of the body that can be affected by ringworm include: Feet Hands Fingernails and toenails Groin area – inner thighs, buttocks, etc. Scalp Beard area on face and neck Arms and legs Who is Most at Risk? You have a higher risk of getting ringworm if you: Live in a warm climate Have close contact with an infected person or animal Share clothing, bedding, or towels with an infected person Participate in sports with skin-to-skin contact, such as wrestling Wear tight or restrictive clothing Have a weakened immune system Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by mold-like parasites that live on cells in the outer layer of the skin. And it can be spread in the following ways: Human to human through skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Animal to human by touching an animal with ringworm, such as petting or grooming dogs and cats. It's also fairly common in cows. Object to human by contact with infected objects, surfaces, etc. Soil to human by contact with infected soil, though this is rare and requires prolonged exposure. The incubation period is between four and 14 days after exposure. Signs and Symptoms of Ringworm Ringworm can affect the skin on almost any area of the body, as well as fingernails and toenails. The symptoms typically depend on the body part affected but generally include: Itchy skin Ring-shaped rash Red, scaly, cracked skin Hair loss There are two different classifications of ringworm lesions – classic and severe. Classic lesions – a raised, scaly ring with a central clearing Severe lesions – scalier in nature, more like a superimposed bacterial infection The symptoms and type of ringworm depend on the location of the body affected. Feet – ringworm on the feet is known as athlete's foot and is known by red, swollen, peeling, itchy skin between the toes, particularly the pinky toe and the toe next to it. The soles and heels can also be affected, and in severe cases, the skin can blister. Scalp – also known as tinea capitis, it appears as scaly, itchy, red, circular bald spots that can grow in size. There can be multiple spots if the infection spreads, and this type is more common in children. Groin – also known as jock itch, it also appears as scaly, itchy, red spots, usually on the inner thighs. Beard – also known as tinea barbae, it also appears as scaly, itchy, red spots on the cheeks, chin, and upper neck. The spots can crust over or be filled with pus. Affected areas may result in hair falling out. Ringworm Diagnosis There are a few ways to diagnose ringworm. By physical exam, including a thorough patient history. This is usually sufficient. By microscopy using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) stain using scrapings from a lesion placed in a drop of KOH and examined under a microscope for the presence of fungal hyphae. It's inexpensive, easy to perform, and highly sensitive. By ultraviolet light, known as a Wood's lamp. This test is not normally useful; however, it is for two uncommon species – microsporum canis and audouinii. By culture, using a fungal culture test to confirm a diagnosis if other tests are inconclusive. This test is more specific that the KOH stain, but it takes up to three weeks for results. The period of communicability – a person can spread ringworm as long as lesions are present, and the presence of a viable fungus persists on contaminated surfaces and materials. Ringworm Treatment Options Treatment depends on the location of the ringworm and the severity. Some forms can be treated using over-the-counter (OTC) medications, while others require a prescription medication, which will be stronger. Ringworm on the skin, such as athlete's foot and jock itch, can usually be treated with OTC antifungal creams and powders, typically applied for two to four weeks. Pro Tip: Ringworm on the scalp often needs to be treated with prescription antifungal medications taken orally. Creams, lotions, and powders will not work for this form of ringworm. Healthcare providers should be contacted if this type of infection gets worse or doesn't go away. Ringworm Prevention Techniques For athletes involved in close-contact sports, they should: Shower immediately after practice or competition Keep all gear and uniforms clean Not share gear and uniforms with others For everyone else who wants to avoid getting ringworm, they should: Keep their skin clean and dry Wear shoes that allow air to circulate around the feet Not walk barefoot in locker rooms and public showers Keep finger and toenails short and clean Change their socks and underwear daily Not share clothing, bedding, and towels with someone who has ringworm Wash their hands with soap and water after touching animals, and if you suspect your animal has ringworm, take it to the vet immediately https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6653/ringworm.jpg Yes 415 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/what-is-hepatitis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3705.mp4 What is Hepatitis In this lesson, we're going to begin to dig into the various types of hepatitis, of which, you'll learn about in more detail in subsequent lessons. Also in this lesson, we'll provide you with some hepatitis statistics and important information from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the three most common types of hepatitis, and at the end of the lesson, we'll go over some medical definitions that you'll encounter in this course. The short definition of hepatitis is: Inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can merely be a self-limiting condition – an illness or condition which will either resolve on its own or which has no long-term harmful effect on a person's health – or it can progress into other health problems like fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis of the liver, and liver cancer. The Five Types of Hepatitis There are five types of hepatitis and some of them are more common than others. The five types, thankfully, are referred to with letters, rather than long, impossible to pronounce medical terms. Those types are A, B, C, D, and E. Pro Tip #1: The important takeaway from this lesson is this – hepatitis is a serious concern and should be taken seriously. Hepatitis can lead to illness and even death. And it has the potential for outbreaks, as in spreading in an epidemic way. Hepatitis B and C are likely the types of hepatitis you've heard the most about, as these are the two most common types. Hepatitis B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people around the world, and together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. What Causes Hepatitis? The most common cause of hepatitis are the hepatitis viruses themselves. However, coming into contact with these viruses isn't the only way you can contract hepatitis. Other possible causes include: Getting other infections Ingesting toxic substances like alcohol and certain drugs Having an autoimmune disease Ingesting contaminated food or water (Hepatitis A and E) Hepatitis Statistics in the United States According to the CDC, these are the number of cases reported of Hepatitis types A, B, and C in the U.S. for the year 2017. Pro Tip #2: Acute simply means sudden, severe, or short term, while chronic means long-lasting or long-term. These are terms you'll hear often throughout this course.   Acute Chronic Hepatitis A 6700 cases not applicable There is a vaccine for this type of Hepatitis and the main mode of transmission is the oral ingestion of fecal matter, or in other words, not washing properly after using the bathroom. Hepatitis B 22,200 862,000 There is also a vaccine for Hepatitis B and the main causes are through sex and exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Hepatitis C 44,700 2.4 million There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C and the main cause of the disease is by coming into contact with a bloodborne pathogen. A Word About Definitions in this Course As you're a body artist and not a medical doctor, nurse, or paramedic, we don't expect you to know the definitions of all the words you'll encounter in this course. However, knowing a few important ones could mean the difference between properly ingesting the information and glossing over it and retaining very little. Blood Blood refers to not only human blood, but also human blood components, and products made from human blood. Bloodborne Pathogens Bloodborne Pathogens refers to the pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Contaminated Contaminated refers to the presence, or the reasonably anticipated presence, of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface. Contaminated Sharps Sharps refers to any item that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc. Contaminated sharps are those sharp items that have been contaminated. Decontamination Decontamination refers to the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal. Engineering Controls Engineering Controls refers to certain controls (sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices, such as sharps with engineered sharps injury protections and needleless systems) that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens hazard from the workplace. Exposure Incident Exposure Incident refers to specific eyes, mouths, other mucous membranes, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties. Parenteral Parenteral refers to the act of piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needlesticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard. General work clothes (uniforms, pants, shirts or blouses) not intended to function as protection against a hazard are not considered to be personal protective equipment. Regulated Waste Regulated Waste refers to liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials; contaminated items that would release blood or other potentially infectious materials in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with dried blood or other potentially infectious materials and are capable of releasing these materials during handling; contaminated sharps; and pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or other potentially infectious materials. Source Individual Source Individual refers to any individual, living or dead, whose blood or other potentially infectious materials may be a source of occupational exposure to the employee. Examples include, but are not limited to, hospital and clinic patients; clients in institutions for the developmentally disabled; trauma victims; clients of drug and alcohol treatment facilities; residents of hospices and nursing homes; human remains; and individuals who donate or sell blood or blood components. Sterilize Sterilize refers to the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life including highly resistant bacterial endospores. Work Practice Controls Work Practice Controls refers to controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed (prohibiting recapping of needles by a two-handed technique). https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6641/what-is-hepatitis.jpg Yes 67 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/heart-attacks https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2018.mp4 Heart Attacks In this lesson, we're going to take a closer look at heart attacks, including: What they are and why they happen If there's anything we can do to help control or prevent them The signs and symptoms of a heart attack for both men and women What Causes a Heart Attack? A heart attack occurs when something occludes a blood vessel that feeds the heart. When this happens, the heart muscle begins to starve of oxygen, which causes pain plus any number of other symptoms, the totality of which is known as a heart attack. Some common ways patients may describe their symptoms include: A squeezing feeling or tightness in their chest Like something is sitting on their chest Pain that may radiate into arms, or the neck, jaw, and teeth in some cases Classic Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack Women often experience their own unique set of signs and symptoms that typically differs from what men may experience. So, consider this list to be men-centric, as in the classic symptoms of a heart attack. The more typically female symptoms will follow. Heavy sweating Crushing chest pain Pain that may radiate into other areas, most typically the arms Shortness of breath Weakness Nausea Dizziness Women can experience the symptoms listed above, however, the most common symptoms of a heart attack for women are: Back pain, like a muscle strain or pulled muscle Feeling achy Indigestion Warning: One problem is the way in which heart attacks are depicted in movies and on TV, as it's always a sweaty guy clutching his chest. But that's mostly only true for half the population. And if the other half (some would say, better half) are expecting those same symptoms and getting something that feels more like the flu than a heart attack, this could delay a proper response, and the patient could suffer because of that delay. Conditions with Similar Signs and Symptoms There are a number of other ailments that have been known to mimic a heart attack, including: Angina Pneumonia Pleuritis Broken ribs Pro Tip #1: Angina is a condition marked by severe chest pain, often spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, and is caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart. It's still a concern. Just not as concerning. Warning: It's better to rule out a heart attack after being checked out by EMS personnel or a physician than it is to dismiss symptoms as something minor. When in doubt, check it out. Once a heart attack is suspected, call 911 immediately and activate EMS. Get an ambulance on the way. If it turns out to be indigestion, you can always send them away when they arrive. Or better yet, they can examine the patient and rule a heart attack out. If a heart attack is suspected and EMS isn't activated, all that's being accomplished is slowing down a response time and treatment should things worsen. Someone's life may ultimately depend on those wasted minutes or seconds. Heart Attack Risk Factors You can really separate this into two separate categories – factors we can control and factors we cannot. Controllable Risk Factors Diet Exercise Stress Smoking Blood pressure Diabetes These are all huge factors when it comes to preventing cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, and stroke. Controlling diabetes and blood pressure, if high. Stopping smoking, if applicable. And eating better, exercising more, and relieving stress in healthy ways. These are all areas of improvement everyone can control. Uncontrollable Risk Factors Genetics Gender Age Race When it comes to uncontrollable risk factors, the hand you're dealt is the hand you're going to have to play. And unfortunately, certain people will always be predisposed to having a higher risk of heart attacks. Helping Heart Attack Patients in Other Ways Once you recognize the symptoms of a heart attack, you activate EMS, and both you and the patient wait comfortably for them to arrive, right? Well, not always. Pro Tip #2: For some reason it's human nature to deny the existence of a heart attack – just a bit of acid reflux most likely – which only delays getting help. It's also common for heart attack suspects to want to drive themselves to the hospital. Both are obviously dangerous and NOT recommended. While Waiting for the Ambulance One of the first treatments that even paramedics will use is aspirin. Aspirin may prevent a worsening of the heart attack and it could even relieve some of the symptoms. If you have aspirin, and if the patient can take it, offer it to them. Aspirin is effective because it basically acts as platelet lubricant once it's absorbed into the bloodstream. It better enables the platelets to slide by each other rather than getting stuck together and creating an even bigger clot. Does the patient have nitroglycerin tabs or spray? Can you get it for them if they cannot? Usually, the best thing you can do for someone who's having a heart attack, or showing the symptoms, is to reassure them that you'll be with them until help arrives. Tell them they're in good hands, in good care, but don't lie to them and tell them everything will be OK. Simply keep them calm and make them as comfortable as possible until EMS personnel arrive. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3597/heart-attacks-2015.jpg Yes 477 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/bleeding-control-arterial-bleeding https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2094.mp4 Arterial Bleeding Arterial bleeding is the most severe and urgent type of bleeding. It can occur due to a penetrating injury, blunt trauma, or from damage to organs or blood vessels. As arterial bleeding is pumped directly from the heart to the rest of the body, this type of bleeding has a few distinctions: The blood is bright red in color due to its high oxygen concentration The blood tends to spurt due to the heart pumping it to the wound The pressure is higher than other types of bleeding, so it will not clot or stop as easily Warning: The pressure will only subside as blood volume decreases. This is a life-threatening situation and tissue will quickly begin to die due to lack of oxygen. How to Provide Care A person who is the victim of arterial bleeding will instinctively grab and cover the wound to reduce the amount of blood flow, if that person is conscious and able to. To best assist in treating the wound, you should: Make sure the scene is safe. Put on latex-free gloves if available. If you don't have gloves, wash your hands or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Find the source of the bleeding; you may have to remove clothing over the wound. Make the switch from the victim's hand to a dressing pad or a clean cloth. Apply pressure. The wound will be pulsating, and it will likely take several dressing pads to control the bleeding. If the victim is conscious and can assist, this will help. Ask the victim to maintain pressure over the dressing pad or cloth. The blood will probably soak through, so apply a second pad on top of the first, rather than removing it. Continue to apply firm, direct pressure over the wound. If the victim is becoming light-headed from the blood loss, have them sit or lie down. The goal is to control the bleeding to the point where the wound is not leaking through each new dressing pad. If blood continues to leak through, continue to apply another pad or piece of cloth until it stops. Consider using a tourniquet if – you cannot control the bleeding with dressing pads and the blood loss is extreme. This is a life-threatening situation and last resort. In most cases, even arterial bleeding can be controlled using pressure plus dressing and bandages. Once you have the bleeding controlled, it's time to wrap the wound. Using an ACE roller bandage like you find in most first aid kits, start from the end of the extremity where the injury is located. If the wound is on the wrist, began wrapping from the hand. Pro Tip #1: it's important to extend the bandage several inches beyond the wound on both sides. This will help keep the wound clean and limit the chances of infection. When wrapping the wound, if extra pressure is required, twist the bandage once over the wound and continue wrapping. Repeat as often as necessary. To finish, tuck the end of the bandage into the wrap to hold it in place. Pro Tip #2: While pressure is important to control the bleeding, you don't want to cut off circulation to the extremity on which the wound occurred. Pinch a nail and the fleshy underside between two of your fingers (if the wound occurred on an arm or a leg). The nail should turn pale and then return to a pink color a couple seconds later. If it doesn't, the bandage is too tight. It's important to try and not cover fingers and toes with the bandage if possible, so that this test can be performed. At this point, you'll want to decide whether to call 911 for EMS services or transport the victim to the emergency room by private vehicle. Call 911 if: The victim has lost consciousness or is showing signs of losing consciousness The victim is exhibiting signs of shock – pale, cold, sweaty skin You cannot stop the bleeding A Word About Dressings and Bandages Dressings are sterile pads used to absorb blood and other fluids, help promote clotting, and prevent infection. Gauze pads are most common. Most dressing pads are porous, which allows air to circulate to the wound and promote healing. Common sizes range from 2-4-inch squares. Universal or trauma dressings are larger in size and used for larger wounds. Occlusive dressings are not porous, which means no air or fluids can pass through, and typically used for abdominal wounds. Bandages are strips of material used to hold the dressing in place, maintain pressure over the wound, control bleeding, and protect from dirt and infection. The most common type of bandage is the roller bandage that is usually made of gauze and comes in assorted widths and lengths. These are the type of bandages you find in most first aid kits. However, there are other types of bandages including: Pressure bandage – for more pressure and a snugger fit Bandage compress – thick gauze dressing attached to a gauze bandage Elastic bandage – type of roller bandage typically used for muscles, bones, and joints Triangular bandage – large bandage that can folded and used as a sling As arterial bleeding is the most severe type of bleeding, it's important to properly assess the situation quickly as a rapid response is vital for a positive outcome. If you feel like the situation is too serious to handle yourself, it's important that you or someone else at the scene call 911 immediately. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3747/bleeding-control-arterial-bleeding-2015.jpg Yes 300 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/adult-aed-lay-rescuer-community https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2026.mp4 Adult AED In this lesson, we'll cover how to use an AED on an adult victim. An AED (Automated External Defibrillator) is a portable electronic device that analyzes the rhythm of the heart and delivers an electrical shock, known as defibrillation, which helps the heart re-establish an effective rhythm. Warning: When using an AED, there are a couple of important things to keep in mind as it relates to your surroundings. Are there combustible gases or liquids at the scene? Are there any liquids that could connect the victim with yourself, the rescuer, or someone else, that could result in electrocution? Pro Tip #1: If the scene isn't safe enough to use an AED, drag or move the patient to a safer area where you won't have to worry about explosives or electrocution from water and then use the AED. These are two important considerations before using an AED, but there are a few other things to note when defibrillating an adult patient. If the victim is female and wearing an underwire bra, it shouldn't present any complications. However, if it is a concern, you can disconnect it and remove it from the pathway to the heart. Necklaces should be moved to the side. Any patches – nicotine, analgesic, nitro gel, etc. – should be removed if they are in the way of the pads. Piercings shouldn't cause any problems. It's OK if the victim or the victim's clothing is wet, as long as the chest area is dry and you or the victim aren't submerged in water or connected by it. There are no special considerations for pregnant women. Pro Tip #2: It's OK to be just as aggressive with a pregnant woman as you would any other victim. The primary focus should be on the mother, as saving her will also help save the baby. The care you provide to the mother won't put the baby in any more jeopardy. How to Provide Care Let's assume a few things: The scene is safe, and your gloves are on You or a bystander called 911 You have an AED, whether you found one or had it with you The victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally CPR is already in progress Remember, as long as you have your cell phone, you're never alone. If no one is around to help you and you aren't sure what to do, call 911 on your cell phone, put it on speaker, and follow their instructions. Dispatch can help coach you through the situation. However, when it comes to AEDs, they supply their own instructions. Well, at least after the first step below. AED Technique for Adults Pro Tip #3: This is really the anti Pro Tip, as you don't need to be a pro to execute it. The AED will tell you what to do and what it's doing, like "remove clothing" or "analyzing rhythm." All you have to do is follow along. Turn on the AED. Remove the patient's clothing to reveal a bare chest and dry the chest off if it's wet. (AEDs will typically include a pair of scissors somewhere on the unit.) Attach the AED pads to the victim's chest. The pads should have a diagram on placement if you need help. The first pad goes on the top right side of the chest. The second pad goes on the bottom left side of the victim's side, under the left breast. Make sure they adhere well. Plug the cable into the AED and be sure no one is touching the victim. The AED should now be charging and analyzing the rhythm of the victim's heart. If the scene is clear and no one is touching the victim, push the discharge button to deliver a shock. Then go right back into CPR. It's OK to perform CPR over the pads, so don't worry about moving them. Perform 30 chest compressions. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Lift the victim's chin and tilt his or her head back. Deliver two rescue breaths. Continue with CPR until the AED interrupts you. At some point, it will reanalyze the victim's heart rhythm and again advise you on what to do next. If the AED advises a shock, do that. If it advises you to NOT shock the victim, continue with CPR only, again over the pads. (The AED will continue to reanalyze.) Continue this cycle of CPR, re-analyzation, charging, shock, back into CPR until EMS arrives, the patient is responsive and breathing normally, or someone who's equally trained or better can relieve you. A Couple Special AED Considerations There could be special situations that go beyond what you found in the list that opened this lesson. These include using an AED on a victim who's wearing an implantable device and a victim with an excessive amount of chest hair. Implantable Devices Implantable devices, like pacemakers, are sometimes located below one of the collarbones in the area where one of the AED pads should go. This can be problematic as the device could interfere with shock delivery. An ICD (Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator) is another common implantable device you may encounter. It's sort of like a mini version of an AED, as it detects abnormal heart rhythms and restores them to normal. If one of these devices is visible – a small lump can sometimes be seen or felt – or if you know the victim has one in a specific location, do not place the AED pad on top of it. Instead, adjust the placement of the pad to avoid the device. Excessive Chest Hair Chest hair rarely interferes with AED pad adhesion, but it is nonetheless a possibility. If the victim has excessive chest hair, press firmly on the pads when placing them on the victim's chest. If you get an error message, like check pads, or something similar, remove them and replace with new pads. Some of the victim's chest hair will likely come off with the old pads, which may solve the problem. However, if the AED still refuses to work, you'll have to shave the victim's chest (or cut some of the hair) before applying a third round of pads. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3611/adult-aed-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 244 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/allergic-reactions https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2060.mp4 Allergic Reactions While there are only around 1500 deaths each year in the U.S. from severe allergic reactions, it is nonetheless frightening how quickly these allergic reactions can occur. Around 50 million Americans suffer from an allergy, and this is a number that's apparently on the rise. One theory as to why has to do with our too-sterile modern life. One that includes: Antibacterial soap Hand sanitizer Air-tight homes An increase in environmental pollutants It seems our body's immune systems aren't developing as effectively to fight germs and other foreign invaders like they were in the past. The most common causes of all allergic reactions are from foods (number one) and insects (number two). Children are most affected when it comes to food allergies. And while most kids outgrow their food allergies, according to the CDC, the number of children with food allergies rose by 18 percent in a 10-year span from 1997 to 2007. Pro Tip #1: While most kids outgrow most food allergies, there is one that cannot be outgrown – the peanut. Sadly, peanut allergies are for life. What Causes an Allergy? The job of your immune system is to protect your body from foreign invaders – various bacteria, germs, and viruses. A healthy immune system protects the body even in the presence of these invaders. However, when there is an allergy present, the immune system will mistakenly target and overreact to a threat that doesn't really exist. This results in your immune system attacking a harmless substance that has recently been eaten, inhaled, injected, or come into contact with the skin. And that substance is called an allergen. An allergen can be introduced to the body a number of times with no trouble. Then, for seemingly no reason, the body one day decides to flag that allergen as a foreign invader, which triggers the body to attack the allergen. And to further complicate matters, the body will remember the allergen and produce specific antibodies that will attack the allergen even more fiercely next time it's introduced into the body. Pro Tip #2: This is why allergic reactions are often more severe the second or third time – the build-up of antibodies and larger battles. When the immune system attacks the allergen, high quantities of histamine and other chemicals are released into the surrounding tissues. Depending on the part of the body affected, symptoms can include: Itching Hives and rash Sneezing Wheezing Swelling of the face Runny nose Nausea There is one particular kind of allergic reaction that can be especially life-threatening – anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe and sudden allergic reaction that affects many parts of the body at the same time within mere minutes of the allergen coming into contact with the body. Warning: Anaphylaxis can cause the body's blood vessels to suddenly dilate – as in opening all the way up, which can lead to anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure resulting in organs like the brain quickly becoming oxygen-starved. Anaphylactic shock will cause death if not treated. One common and basic treatment for anaphylactic shock is epinephrine (or an epi-pen), as it constricts blood vessels and opens the airway, thereby reducing the effects of the allergen. The most common causes of anaphylaxis are bees and other stinging insects, latex, medications and the following foods: Nuts Fish Shellfish Eggs Milk The most common cause of severe, life-threatening allergic reactions is by far the peanut. How to Treat for Allergic Reactions As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on. Make sure you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve handy and introduce yourself to the victim. "Hi, my name's _____. I'm a paramedic. I'm going to help you." The first things you'll want to look for are the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock: Trouble breathing Wheezing Tightness in the throat Itchiness on the tongue Swelling of the face Hives Pale skin Rapid heart rate Low blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Dizziness How children typically describe an allergic reaction may better help understand some of the signs: It feels like there's hair on your tongue You experience tingling Your mouth itches It feels like something is stuck in your throat Your lips feel tight Your body feels weird all over Warning: The key element with allergic reactions is time. Don't wait. Call 911 immediately. If available, use an epi-pen. But don't wait for symptoms to get better. The three steps to providing care for allergic reactions are: Recognize the signs early Call EMS or a code if in a healthcare setting Assist the patient with an epi-pen if needed Pro Tip #3: Keep the patient calm. Sit them down. Make sure they're comfortable. To make breathing easier, have the patient sit straight up and lean forward. If the patient is feeling faint or is losing consciousness, lie them down, elevate their legs, and keep them warm. Talk to them, reassure them, but be prepared to begin CPR if they suddenly stop breathing or become completely unresponsive. Warning: There is the possibility of a secondary reaction after the first. Which is why the patient should be monitored for four to six hours after the initial allergic reaction. A Word About how to Know if it's Anaphylaxis? Depending on the situation, there may be different things to watch out for as you put the puzzle pieces together. Here's a cheat sheet that may help. Situation #1: You know that the patient has been exposed to an allergen. What to Look For: Trouble breathing OR Signs and symptoms of shock Situation #2: You think the patient may have been exposed to an allergen. What to Look For: Any TWO of the following: A skin reaction Swelling of the face, neck, tongue, or lips Trouble breathing Signs and symptoms of shock Nausea, vomiting, cramping, or diarrhea Situation #3: You do not know if the patient has been exposed to an allergen. What to Look For: A skin reaction (such as hives, itchiness, or flushing) OR Swelling of the face, neck, tongue, or lips PLUS Trouble breathing OR Signs and symptoms of shock https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3679/allergic-reactions-2015.jpg Yes 464 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/body-art-first-aid-intro https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1954.mp4 Body Art First Aid Intro If you've been in the body art profession for very long, you probably already know that there are many different types of people with many different sensitivities to various things. Not only could a client have a severe anaphylactic reaction when exposed to certain inks and dyes, but they can also get an infection, as you now know, or have other medical problems while you are working on them. While this section is optional, it's also important, because you just don't know. An emergency can happen at any time, which means whether you want to or not, you may just find yourself in a situation where this information could help you. And more importantly, help the clients you serve. Imagine you have a person in your tattoo chair who is afraid of needles and unfamiliar with what you're about to do, and as soon as you begin giving them a tattoo, they go unconscious. Would you know what to do? Would you know how to treat someone having a medical emergency? Would you be prepared to save a client's life if that client suddenly became unresponsive or stopped breathing or lost their pulse? In this very important but optional program, we will be teaching you those exact skills so that if faced with an emergency, you will be able to confidently answer yes to all of the above questions. Here is a preview of the lessons in this section of your body art course: Stroke Heart attacks Adult CPR Adult AED Hands-only CPR Venous bleeding Arterial bleeding Shock Diabetes Seizure Allergic reactions Strongly consider watching each of these videos the way you would any videos pertaining to body art specifically. It just might mean the difference between feeling helpless and helping save someone's life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3527/body-art-first-aid-intro.jpg Yes 42 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hands-only-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2029.mp4 Hands-Only CPR Hands-only CPR is designed for the untrained lay rescuer or someone who isn't comfortable or confident giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Research suggests that hands-only CPR is most effective on adults, as cardiovascular problems are often the cause of their cardiac arrest. Whereas, in children, the majority of their cardiac arrest events have to do with respiratory deficiencies. Of course, performing full CPR – a combination of 30 compressions to two rescue breaths – is always going to provide the best chances for a positive outcome. However, hands-only CPR is better than no CPR at all; even on children. How to Provide Care The first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not he or she is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If you don't get a response, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 and activate EMS. Put your phone on speaker so the dispatcher can assist you. Locate the area over the heart to begin chest compressions – between the breasts and on the lower third of the sternum. Stand or kneel directly over the patient's chest. Lock your elbows and use only your upper body weight to supply the force for the chest compressions, and count as you perform them. Conduct compressions that go 2-2.4 inches deep – for adults – or 1/3 the depth of the victim's chest and at a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to two compressions per second. Pro Tip #1: Make sure you're directly over the victim's chest to maximize cardiac output, and not off to one side. If you're not directly over the chest, you may not adequately compress the heart. Continue to perform chest compressions until help arrives or the victim is responsive and breathing normally. Pro Tip #2: To maintain a steady rhythm, count out loud while performing chest compressions – one, as you press down, and, as you allow the chest to recoil. When you reach 13, drop the and to maintain a two-syllable cadence on the compressions and not disrupt the rhythm. Warning: Once you perform a chest compression, make sure you allow for full recoil of the chest cavity. You want to allow the chest to come all the way back to the neutral position before performing another compression. A Word About Other Cardiovascular Emergencies There are a number of conditions that can mirror cardiac arrest or make diagnosis difficult. Knowing what those are and how they're caused may help eliminate any confusion. Angina Pectoris Angina pectoris is a medical term that simply means pain in the chest. It occurs when the heart requires more oxygen than it is receiving, usually due to the arteries being too narrow. It's often triggered when the patient is exercising or becomes too excited or emotionally upset. Arrhythmias Arrhythmias are electrical disturbances in the heart that affect its regular rhythm. Some people with arrhythmias don't experience any cardiovascular problems, while in others, an arrhythmia can indicate a greater underlying problem that could lead to heart disease, stroke, or heart attack. Atrial Fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is a common type of abnormal heart rhythm, where the upper two chambers (the atria) are not coordinating their beats with the two lower chambers (the ventricles). This causes an irregular and often rapid heart rate that results in inadequate circulation to the ventricles. Atrial fibrillation is usually not life threatening, however, it could lead to a stroke or heart attack. Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure is a chronic condition in which the heart can no longer pump blood effectively, thereby limiting circulation throughout the body. This can result in high blood pressure and fluid buildup – which can contribute to difficulty breathing and weight gain. People with congestive heart failure will often experience swelling of the face, hands, feet, legs, and ankles. Hypertension Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of the many risk factors for heart attacks and stroke. A person has hypertension if their blood pressure is higher than 140/90 mmHg. There are numerous causes of hypertension, including certain medications, stress, and high sodium intake, or underlying conditions like kidney abnormalities and/or an adrenal gland tumor. Diabetes People with diabetes often experience problems with their nerves and nervous system. In these cases, a person with this type of diabetes-related complication may experience what's known as a silent heart attack, as the brain and nervous system don't produce any symptoms, or produce warning signs that are too mild to notice. If this is the case, special diagnostic tests may be required to get confirmation of a heart attack. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3617/hands-only-cpr-2015.jpg Yes 199 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/diabetes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2100.mp4 Diabetes In this lesson, you'll learn how to treat a patient with a blood sugar emergency. Some things to keep in mind about blood sugar problems: Signs and symptoms are the same for low blood sugar and high blood sugar Blood sugar issues will get worse without treatment Without treatment, a patient could become unresponsive and die The three most common signs and symptoms of someone experiencing a blood sugar issue are: Confusion Coordination issues Talking nonsense A person with a blood sugar issue might also randomly fidget with something and appear quite out of it. Pro Tip #1: Even though the signs of high blood sugar are the same as those for low blood sugar, in patients suffering from high blood sugar, those symptoms will come on much more slowly and will likely be less intense. How to Treat a Blood Sugar Event As always, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe and that your gloves are on. Make sure you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve handy and introduce yourself to the victim. "Hi, my name's _____. I'm a paramedic. I'm going to help you." Pro Tip #2: When a patient has high blood sugar, the body will try to rid itself of it through urination, and failing that, through hyperventilation. Which is why, in patients with high blood sugar, you'll often notice a hint of fruit or cheap wine on their breath. The reason for this is called ketoacidosis – a byproduct of unused sugars in the body that become toxic. Pro Tip #3: If a patient is showing signs of a blood sugar issue, rule it out using sugar – either over-the-counter products like soda or professional glucose products specifically for diabetic events. Follow the pro tip above as long as the patient is coherent enough to follow commands and isn't getting agitated or aggressive. Then begin encouraging the consumption of sugar or glucose. Warning: A patient can only consume a glucose or sugar product if they are able to swallow safely. If their sugar event has escalated to the point where they cannot control their swallow reflex, it's too late. Sugar will need to be administered through an IV or by intermuscular injection. If the patient did have low blood sugar, you should notice improvements in 10 to 15 minutes. If the symptoms aren't improving after 15 minutes, there could be something else going on; call 911 and activate EMS. Professional glucose products like tabs and gels are your best bet, as they're designed for quick absorption. They're also encased in more stable packaging, meaning they can withstand freezing temperatures and other environmental threats. If you don't have any glucose products available, a full-sugar soda is your best option. Candy bars aren't a bad option either. However, more fibrous snacks will take too long to be absorbed by the body. Pro Tip #4: Most patients with sugar problems will know the dosage of sugar or glucose they need in emergencies like this. Read labels on the packaging and multiply or divide as needed to get the proper dosage. Keep in mind that high fructose corn syrup burns much more quickly compared to the longer-acting dextrose you'll find in many glucose products. If this was the patient's first sugar event, follow up with EMS to make sure they get the help they need moving forward. If this wasn't the patient's first sugar event, and they can explain what likely caused it, help them get back on their plan to avoid it happening again. And encourage them to check-in with their physician to make sure everything is all right. A Word About Diabetic Emergencies Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the U.S. In 2016, 29 million Americans had diabetes, while another 86 million had prediabetes – a condition that increases your risk for developing type 2 diabetes and other chronic diseases like kidney disease, heart disease, gum disease, stroke, and amputations. The Two Types of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes – Also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, this condition results in a body that produces little to no insulin. Which is why most people who have type 1 diabetes inject themselves with insulin daily. Type 2 Diabetes – More common than type 1 diabetes, type 2 is characterized by a body that produces insulin, but either the cells can't use it effectively or not enough is being produced. People with type 2 diabetes can often improve their symptoms and regulate their blood glucose levels with dietary changes and sometimes medications. High Blood Glucose High blood glucose, or hyperglycemia, is when the body's insulin level is too low, and the sugar level is too high. However, the body cannot transport that sugar into the cells without insulin. Which results in a body that's about to have an energy crisis. The body then attempts to meet its need for energy by using other stored food and energy sources, such as fats. However, converting fat to energy is less efficient, produces waste products, and increases the acidity level in the blood, causing a condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which could ultimately result in a diabetic coma. Low Blood Glucose The exact inverse of the above – Low blood glucose, or hypoglycemia, occurs when the body's insulin level is too high, and the sugar level is too low. This can happen for a number of reasons, including when the patient: Takes too much insulin Fails to eat adequately Over-exercises and burns off sugar faster than normal Experiences great emotional stress Regardless of whether you're dealing with a patient who has type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, the signs and symptoms are the same: Dizziness, drowsiness, or confusion Irregular breathing Abnormally weak or rapid pulse Feeling and looking ill Abnormal skin characteristics https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3759/diabetes-2015.jpg Yes 500 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/adult-cpr-lay-rescuer-community https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2023.mp4 Adult CPR In this lesson, we'll cover how to administer CPR on an adult victim. In situations where CPR is needed, you personally may have witnessed the victim exhibit symptoms and go unresponsive. Others may have witnessed the incident. Or no one was around to see what really happened. If someone was there to witness the incident, what they likely would have noticed is a victim who: Loses their balance Clutches their chest Collapses to the ground or floor If you arrive on the scene after this happens, in cardiac arrest emergencies, the victim will usually also be unresponsive and not breathing normally, if at all. Let's assume for this lesson that that's how you found the victim. And that CPR is required. CPR is a combination of chest compressions and ventilations that circulates blood and oxygen to the brain and other vital organs for a person whose heart and breathing have stopped. Oxygen is vital for life and it's only a matter of minutes before the brain begins to be negatively impacted. How to Provide Care Warning: Don't let the repetition of this next paragraph lull you into overlooking or dismissing the importance of scene safety. What if you show up to the scene and there's a live electrical wire, or poisonous gases in the air, and this is why the victim collapsed? Don't make assumptions, and don't become another victim. Of course, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe, your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue shield available and begin calling out to the victim to assess whether or not he or she is responsive. Are you OK? Can you hear me? If you don't get an initial response, place your hand on the victim's forehead and tap on his or her collarbone. If you still do not get a response, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 and activate EMS. If there is a bystander nearby, you can ask for their help – calling 911, locating an AED, etc. Pro Tip #1: As long as you have your cell phone, you're never alone. If no one is around to help you and you aren't sure what to do, call 911 on your cell phone, put it on speaker, and follow their instructions. Dispatch can help coach you through the situation. If you've determined at this point that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing normally continue immediately with CPR, beginning with chest compressions. Pro Tip #2: Chest compression landmarks: Aim for the center of the chest, between the nipples and on the lower one-third of the sternum. Hand placement: Place your first palm on that landmark and interlock the fingers on your top hand over your first. Lean over the victim, position your hands as indicated above, and in the video, and lock your elbows. Use your upper body weight to supply the force needed for chest compressions and compress at a depth between 2 – 2.4 inches. Perform 30 chest compressions at a rate between 100 – 120 compressions per minute, which amounts to around two compression every second. Make sure you allow the victim's chest to come all the way back up before performing your next compression. Pro Tip #3: To maintain a steady rhythm, count out loud while performing chest compressions – one, as you press down, and, as you allow the chest to recoil. When you reach 13, drop the and to maintain a two-syllable cadence on the compressions and not disrupt the rhythm. Lift the victim's chin and tilt his or her head back. Grab the rescue shield and place it over the victim's mouth and nose. Pinch the victim's nose and open their mouth. Deliver two breaths – Breathe into the rescue mask and wait for the chest to rise and fall before administering the next breath. Pro Tip #4: Don't forget to watch the victim's chest when providing breaths. If the chest doesn't rise, then you might be dealing with another problem and one that likely includes an obstructed airway. Go right back into 30 chest compressions followed again by two breaths. Continue to perform 30 chest compressions to two breaths until EMS arrives, an AED is located, someone equally trained can relieve you, or the victim becomes responsive and begins breathing normally again. A Few Common Questions About Adult CPR Why is it important to use your upper body weight when performing chest compressions? If you need to perform CPR for a longer period of time, using only your upper body strength will begin to fatigue you. As you become fatigued, your compression rate and depth may falter, as would the quality of CPR and the victim's chances of recovering. Can I stop doing CPR once I've started? Once you begin CPR, it's important not to stop. If you must stop, do so for no longer than 10 seconds. Reasons to discontinue CPR include more advanced medical personnel taking over for you, seeing obvious signs of life and the patient breathing normally again, an AED being available and ready to use, or being too exhausted to continue. Is there anything else I can do to help a cardiac arrest victim? The best thing you can do in these situations is to provide high-quality CPR, as performing CPR correctly will give the victim the best chance of survival. So, what constitutes high-quality CPR? High-Quality CPR Performing chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches but not exceeding 2.4 Allowing for full recoil after each compression Minimizing pauses in compressions Ventilating adequately – two breaths after 30 compressions, with each breath delivered over one second, and each causing the patient's chest to rise Pro Tip #5: Make sure you're directly over the victim's chest to maximize cardiac output, and not off to one side. If you're not directly over the chest, you may not adequately compress the heart. Low-Quality CPR Compressing at a rate slower than 100 per minute or faster than 120 per minute Compressing to a depth of less than two inches or greater than 2.4 inches Leaning on the chest between compressions or performing compressions while not directly over the victim's heart Interrupting compressions for greater than 10 seconds Providing excessive ventilation – too many breaths or breaths with excessive force https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3605/adult-cpr-lay-rescuer-community-2015.jpg Yes 216 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/stroke https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2019.mp4 Stroke In this lesson, we're going to go over what a stroke is, what the signs and symptoms are that will indicate to you that there's an emergency, and what to do if you suspect a stroke. And we'll even teach you an easy-to-remember acronym to make your stroke assessment a little easier. What is a Stroke? A stroke, also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain, which may cause permanent damage to brain tissue if not appropriately treated in a timely manner. There's a common analogy that works well to describe what a stroke is – a stroke is like a heart attack in the brain. This analogy works because what typically causes a stroke is usually what causes a heart attack – a blocked blood vessel – only in the brain rather than the heart. When a blood vessel blockage occurs, it starves the brain of oxygenated blood, which will quickly result in neurological effects in the patient's body. A stroke can also be caused by a bursting of a blood vessel rather than a blockage. In these cases, the condition is known as a hemorrhagic stroke, and is normally the result of an aneurism. The important takeaway is that hemorrhagic stroke is treated differently than strokes that occur from blood vessel blockage. What are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke? Using the acronym FAST, you'll be able to navigate quickly through the list of stroke symptoms and systematically check them off as you go. And ultimately, if the patient is having a stroke, call 911 and activate EMS. F – Facial Droop If you're having a difficult time assessing the patient for facial droop, ask them to smile at you. If the droop isn't initially very pronounced, it will be when the patient tries to smile. Does the smile look normal? Or is one corner of the mouth lower than the other? A – Arm Raise both of the patient's arms out in front of them and ask the patient to hold that position. Does one arm fall lower than the other? Or do they both remain in the position you left them? If one arm does begin to fall, as the patient cannot hold it up, it will likely be the arm on the same side of the body as the facial droop. S – Slurred Speech During medical emergencies, patients are naturally panicked, and it can affect their speech. To better assess for this stroke sign, ask them a question – like what their birth date is – or to repeat a certain phrase, like "I love blueberries". If the patient answers with slurred speech, you can check another item off your FAST checklist. T – Time Time is of the essence when it comes to treating stroke victims. But it's also important to know what time symptoms began in each victim, as this will matter when healthcare professionals begin trying to recirculate oxygenated blood back into the brain's tissue. Your quick actions and attention to detail will go a long way to helping the patient recover with as little long-lasting damage as possible. What to do if You Suspect a Patient is Having a Stroke If you haven't already called 911 and activated EMS, do so immediately. Expediting treatment is key to the patient regaining as much quality of life as they can. While waiting for EMS to arrive, reassure the patient. Tell them you're not going anywhere and that you'll take good care of them. And make them as comfortable as possible while you wait. A Word About the Signs and Symptoms of Stroke Other than the stroke alert criteria in FAST that you should be looking for, there are a few other signs and symptoms of stroke that may help you assess the patient better. Loss of vision or disturbed vision in one or both eyes; the pupils may also be of unequal size Sudden severe headache; you may hear the patient describe the pain as the worst headache ever Confusion, dizziness, agitation, loss of consciousness, or other severe altered mental states Loss of balance or coordination, trouble walking, or ringing in the ears Incontinence Pro Tip #1: it's important to understand the difference between a full-blown stroke and a TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack), sometimes called a mini-stroke. The latter is caused by reduced blood flow to a part of the brain, but unlike a stroke, the signs and symptoms disappear within a few minutes or hours of onset. With a TIA, after a short time, blood flows again and the symptoms go away. With a stroke, the blood flow stays blocked, and the brain is more likely to suffer permanent damage. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3599/stroke-2015.jpg Yes 409 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/bleeding-control-venous-bleeding https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2095.mp4 Venous Bleeding Uncontrolled bleeding is the number one cause of preventable deaths due to a trauma. While venous bleeding is usually less serious than arterial bleeding, it still can pose a serious health risk to the victim. Venous bleeding can be the result of external trauma, as in something cutting or puncturing a vein, or internal trauma, due to a broken bone or organ damage. Venous bleeding involves blood that is returning to the heart, so there won't be as much pressure as arterial bleeding. However, the blood loss can still be severe. Venous bleeding distinctions are: The blood is dark red, not bright like arterial bleeding The blood flow is steady but not spurting; it can still be quick, though The pressure is lower than arterial bleeding so it's usually easier to control How to Provide Care A person who is the victim of venous bleeding will likely be applying pressure to the wound or cut by the time you arrive to help. Some things to keep in mind with venous bleeding are: It will often stop on its own in 4-6 minutes It's usually easy to control with direct pressure What may seem like a lot of blood is likely to just be smeared, dripping blood which often looks like more than it really is As always, the first thing you should do is make sure the scene is safe. After that, proceed with the following steps. Put on latex-free gloves if available or wash your hands thoroughly using soap and water or a sanitizer of some kind, preferably with alcohol. Find the source of the bleeding and ask the victim if he or she is cut anywhere else to make sure you're not missing another wound. Place a dressing pad or cloth over the wound. Apply pressure. At this point, the one dressing pad will usually be enough to control venous bleeding. However, you may also want to consider assessing the severity of the cut. Pro Tip 1: When you remove pressure, do the folds of skin around the cut begin to come apart, or does the skin appear to be staying together. If the skin is coming apart, stitches are likely necessary. If not, the wound will probably heal on its own and stitches can be avoided. As can a trip to the emergency room. If a trip to the emergency room is warranted but EMS services are not, it's still a good idea to have someone else drive the victim. There may be a chance that the victim has difficulty seeing his or her own blood, which could cause psychogenic shock. It's always better if the victim is a passenger rather than the driver. Before you wrap the wound, make sure it's properly cleaned using a bacterial ointment if you have one. This will combat any bacteria that may have gotten into the cut and reduce the chances of infection. Pro Tip 2: Consider the chances of tetanus. If the victim was cut by something dirty and hasn't had a tetanus shot in the last 10 years, a trip to the emergency room is a necessity regardless of the severity of the wound. After cleaning the wound, reapply a dressing pad that completely covers the area. Wait and see if the bleeding stops or if it leaks through. Most venous cuts will stop after applying the first pad. Warning: There are reasons why venous bleeding cannot be easily controlled and these include: the victim has a bleeding disorder or is on blood thinners. Make sure to ask the victim if it appears that the bleeding is difficult to stop. It's now time to wrap the wound, and taping the pad is usually sufficient. Just be aware to maintain constant pressure while you tape. And as before with arterial bleeding, pinch the finger or toe nails if the extremities are involved and see if blood returns to the nails. You don't want to cut off blood supply. Your goals in tapping or bandaging the wound are: Maintain pressure and control bleeding Cover completely so dirt and debris cannot get inside the cut At this point it's always a good idea to make sure the patient is stable and not in shock. If their skin has good color and isn't cold or clammy, and if they haven't lost consciousness, EMS probably will not be needed. A Word About Disease Transmission To reduce your risk of disease transmission, there are a few guidelines to keep in mind: Avoid contact with the victim's blood by wearing latex-free gloves and protective eyewear if you have them. Avoid touching your mouth, nose, and eyes while providing care, and don't drink or eat anything before washing your hands. Wash your hands thoroughly after providing care, even if you wore gloves. Always dispose of the gloves or change gloves before helping someone else. As venous bleeding is often not a severe injury, it's still important to remember that it still has the potential to become a serious situation, especially if bleeding cannot be controlled or the victim goes into shock. When in doubt, it's best to call 911 and let the EMS professionals handle the situation. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3749/bleeding-control-venous-bleeding-2015.jpg Yes 214 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/skin-diseases-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1872.mp4 Skin Diseases and Disorders In this lesson, we'll be covering all things related to skin diseases and disorders, including the three layers of skin and various conditions like MRSA, herpes simplex, fungal conditions, and who is most prone to getting skin diseases and disorders, along with most importantly – the best line of defense against such conditions. What do We Mean by Skin Disorders and Diseases? Skin diseases, disorders, and other conditions include people who have the following: Boils Infected wounds Open sores and cuts Abrasions Weeping dermatological lesions Pro Tip #1: Anyone with these skin conditions should absolutely avoid working if there is any likelihood at all that they could contaminate healthcare supplies, body art equipment, or work surfaces. Just like someone with the flu should avoid working, so too should people with any of the conditions listed above. Workers skin should be free from all rashes and infections. Healthcare workers, tattoo artists, and caregivers should always cover any open sores with bandages to avoid the spread of infection. Getting to Know Your Own Skin Skin is the largest organ of the body and if you think about it, it's not even close. Your skin contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, nerves, and sweat glands. Your skin is made up of several layers and varies in thickness from around 1.5mm to 4mm or more. Pro Tip #2: Skin is the first line of defense against infection … as long as it's intact. If it's not intact, it should be covered. And if it's not intact and not covered, it's not defending you against anything. The Three Layers of Skin The three layers of skin are: The Epidermis – the thick outer layer of tissue that you affectionately know as your skin. The Dermis – this strong second layer of connective tissue is filled with blood vessels and nerves. The Hypodermis – this layer lies just below the dermis, is fattier than the other two, and is sometimes called the subcutaneous layer. Warning: The reason that tattoo artists, in particular, have such a high risk is that they use needles that puncture these layers of skin multiple times per minute, making it much more possible to become infected. Commonly Spread Skin Diseases Let's take a look at some of the more commonly spread skin diseases, starting with … Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and noses of some individuals. Most of the time, staph does not cause any major harm. Staph infections can look like pimples, boils, or other skin conditions and most are easily treatable. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) MRSA infections can look like ordinary skin wounds, boils, or infected sores. However, most of the time, these sores appear not to heal and may even get worse. People contract MRSA infections by touching infected mucous membranes, skin, or contaminated objects. Most MRSA infections are limited to skin infections. More severe or life-threatening MRSA infections occur most frequently among patients in healthcare settings with altered immune systems. Herpes Simplex Herpes simplex is a commonly spread skin disease that is a virus. It's generally found on the face, scalp, arms, neck, and upper chest. It is usually indicated (appears) as a small, round blister and when broken can secrete a clear or yellowish fluid. People typically contract herpes by touching infected saliva, mucous membranes, or skin. Fungal Skin Diseases Some common skin diseases that are fungus-related are athletes foot and ringworm. Fungal infections cause red, patchy, flaky, and itchy areas of skin. They are also contagious and can be easily spread from one person to another. Fungal skin diseases are usually spread when infected areas of a person or surface (showers, floors, benches, etc.) are touched by a non-infected person. To combat fungal infections, affected areas should be kept clean and dry. Who is Most Prone to Skin Diseases and Disorders? Some people with the following conditions are more prone to getting skin disorders: People with a history of Hepatitis B or C People with HIV or AIDS People with diabetes People with a history of hemophilia or other blood diseases and disorders People with a history of allergies or adverse reactions to pigments, dyes, latex, etc. People with a history of other immune disorders Pro Tip #3: It should be noted that healing may be adversely affected by receiving a tattoo or other body art for all individuals listed above. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3349/skin-diseases-tattoo.jpg Yes 233 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/hiv-and-aids-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1869.mp4 HIV and AIDS HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It attacks the body and harms the immune system by destroying the white blood cells that fight infection. Which in turn diminishes the body's ability to protect itself against disease. If left untreated, HIV will eventually progress into AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In this lesson, we'll take a look at transmission rates, symptoms (though very problematic and unreliable), and how you can better protect yourself from infection. Pro Tip #1: On average, it takes 10 years for the HIV virus to progress into AIDS. However, this average varies greatly person to person, and is affected by a number of factors like health status, behavioral characteristics, medications taken, etc. Since 1996, with the introduction of powerful retroviral therapies, the natural progression of HIV to AIDS has been slowed. AIDS Statistics in the U.S. There are around 1.1 million people living with HIV in the United States. What is perhaps even more troubling is that around 18 percent aren't even aware they have been infected, as they haven't been tested and symptoms don't exist or aren't noticeable. Around 50,000 people become infected with HIV each year and approximately 15,000 each year die from AIDS. HIV Infection Rates by Category According to CDC From highest to lowest, these are the ways in which people are infected with HIV each year in the U.S. Category 2011 2018 Male to male sexual contact 62% 66% Heterosexual contact (females) 18% 16% Heterosexual contact (males) 10% 8% Injection drug use (male) 5% 4% Injection drug use (female) 3% 3% Male to male sexual contact and IDU 3% 4% Other 1% 1% Other includes babies who are born from infected mothers, blood transfusions, and needle sticks, among other less common reasons. Of the babies that contract HIV, this can occur before birth, during birth, or during breastfeeding. Pro Tip #2: Out of the estimated 50,000 people per year infected with HIV, less than one percent is due to a work-related incident. What does this mean for you? Of all the ways people contract HIV, very few will become infected in the workplace, even in professions (like yours) where the risk is higher. Warning: Don't let that lull you into a false sense of security. Part of the reason that number is so low is because proper infection control policies are routinely put in place for many professions who are around bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. Follow your policies and procedures, and your chances will likely go well below that one percent. HIV Signs and Symptoms If left unchecked, HIV is a deadly virus that eventually will spread to AIDS. But how do you know if you've been infected with HIV? Get tested! That's the only sure way to know. However, sometimes there are signs. (Often there are no symptoms, which is why it's a good idea to get tested if there's any question or doubt.) Symptoms, when present, can include: Fever Fatigue Night sweats Weight loss Rash Dry cough Pro Tip #3: The HIV virus is actually quite fragile (outside the body) and will die within seconds after being exposed to air. Inside the body, the amount of the virus present in body fluid and the physiological condition of the host will determine how long the virus lives. It's important to note – There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. Some Important HIV/AIDS Takeaways How HIV is spread is important, as this happens mostly through unprotected sex and from sharing needles or syringes. Only a very small fraction of one percent of people are infected while providing medical care, and most of these are due to sticks from dirty needles. While this may seem obvious to many, particularly medical professionals, HIV (like other bloodborne pathogens and OPIM) cannot be spread by casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, doorknobs, toilet seats, etc. Pro Tip #4: Remember, symptoms are not reliable and may not be present for many years, which means numerous people infected with HIV will never know they have it until those symptoms appear or … through proper testing. A Word About Pathogens and the Diseases and Conditions They Cause Let's take a quick look at the variety of pathogens that exist and the conditions and diseases they cause. Viruses Hepatitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox, meningitis, rubella, influenza, warts, colds, herpes, HIV (which causes AIDS), genital warts, smallpox, avian flu, Ebola, and Zika. Bacteria Tetanus, meningitis, scarlet fever, strep throat, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, toxic shock syndrome, Legionnaires' disease, diphtheria, food poisoning, Lyme disease, and anthrax. Fungi Athlete's foot, ringworm, and histoplasmosis. Protozoa Malaria, dysentery, Cyclospora, and giardiasis. Rickettsia Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Parasitic Worms Abdominal pain, anemia, lymphatic vessel blockage, lowered antibody response, and respiratory and circulatory complications. Prions Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Yeasts Candidiasis (also known as thrush). https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3343/hiv-and-aids-tattoo.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/regulated-waste-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1875.mp4 Regulated Waste In this lesson, we'll cover what regulated waste is as defined by OSHA, along with some standard protocols for handling and disposing of it. The OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard defines regulated waste as: Any liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious material. Contaminated items that would release blood or OPIM in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed or rung out. Items that are caked with dried blood or OPIM and are capable of flaking off and releasing these materials during handling. Contaminated sharps. Pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or OPIM. How to Dispose of Regulated Waste Pro Tip #1: It's important to note that all properly labeled and bundled waste should be handled according to your facility's disposal procedures. It's also important to consider any state or local requirements that may apply to regulated waste disposal in your area. Having said that, here are a few guidelines to follow when disposing of regulated waste. Warning: While this should go without saying, never dispose of potentially contaminated waste into normal trash receptacles. Regulated Waste Containers All blood and other potentially infectious materials must be disposed of in properly labeled biohazard containers, in either a red bag or a predominantly orange or red container that has been imprinted with the biohazard symbol shown below. Regulated waste containers must be: Sealable. You must be able to completely close and seal the container. Properly constructed. The container must be able to properly handle its contents without fail. Leak-proof. The regulated waste container must prevent leakage of all fluids and materials while handling, storing, transporting, and shipping. Sharps Containers All items falling into this category – like needles, syringes, and razors – must be placed into sealable, leak-proof, puncture resistant containers. The containers must also be properly labeled or color coded. Pro Tip #2: Regardless of type, all regulated waste containers should be routinely inspected and replaced, and they should never be allowed to overfill. A Word About OSHA's Regulations Since OSHA may be the reason you're taking this course, let's dig a little deeper into what the employer's responsibilities are when it comes to following those regulations. Pro Tip #3: Safety is job number one. If you notice that your employer is falling short of adhering to guidelines or not providing everything on this list, you may want to consider asking someone. OSHA regulations regarding bloodborne pathogens have placed specific responsibilities on employers for the protection of employees (like you). These include all of the following: Identifying positions or tasks covered by the bloodborne and OPIM standard precautions. Creating an exposure control plan to minimize the possibility of exposure and making the plan easily accessible to all employees. Developing and putting into action a written schedule for cleaning and decontaminating environments and work surfaces at the workplace. Creating a system for easy identification of soiled material and its proper disposal. Developing a system of annual training for all covered employees. Offering the opportunity for employees to get the hepatitis B vaccination at no cost. Establishing clear procedures to follow for reporting an exposure. Creating a system of recordkeeping. In workplaces where there is potential exposure to injuries from contaminated sharps, soliciting input from non-managerial employees with potential exposure regarding the identification, evaluation, and selection of effective engineering and work practice controls. (In other words, the feedback of those being exposed.) If a needlestick injury occurs, recording the appropriate information in the sharps injury log, including:a. The type and brand of device involved in the incident b. The location of the incidentc. A description of the incident Maintaining a sharps injury log in such a way that protects the privacy of employees. Ensuring the confidentiality of all employees' medical records and exposure incidents. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3355/regulated-waste-tattoo.jpg Yes 98 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/body-fluid-cleanup-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1876.mp4 Body Fluid Cleanup In this lesson, you'll learn how to clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces, whether floors, tables, or equipment, along with some safety issues pertaining to cleanup. But first, let's begin by a better understanding of what an appropriate disinfectant is. Appropriate Disinfectants Cleaning up after every procedure is required to ensure that employees are not exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials that remain on surfaces and equipment from previous procedures. Appropriate disinfectants include: Bleach solution EPA registered tuberculocidal EPA registered sterilants Products registered as effective against HIV and HBV A thorough list of these products can be found at www.epa.gov. These products can be used to comply with California section 5193 provided that the surfaces on which they are used have not become contaminated with agents or volumes or concentrations for which higher levels of disinfectant are required. Disinfectants should always be used according to the manufacturer's label instructions including: The concentration The volume The contact time Personal Protective Equipment Before disinfecting any contaminated areas or surfaces, first ask yourself if you have the proper PPE – personal protective equipment – to complete the job safely. PPE you may need includes: Gloves, always Face shield and/or eye protection An apron or gown In most cases, these three items will be enough, and in many instances, gloves alone will suffice. When should you use a disposable apron or gown? Whenever there's a reasonable chance you could get bloodborne pathogens or other potentially infectious materials on your clothing. The biggest problem involved with getting pathogens on clothing is cross-contamination, and we'll get into this more in a minute. When should you use a face or eye shield? Whenever there's a reasonable chance of spraying or splashing. If you're cleaning dried blood off a counter, you probably don't need to go that extra mile. But what if you were disinfecting a piece of machinery with many parts at or around eye level? Mostly it just comes down to common sense. Having the proper cleanup equipment and personal protective equipment is the first step in any cleanup project. Make sure you have everything you need for the task at hand. And always err on the side of caution. Pro Tip #1: Not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Also, one pair of gloves isn't going to cut it. In order to keep from re-contaminating the scene, or even contaminating another scene, you'll change your gloves a few times in the course of one cleanup job. Which brings up a good point … Warning: Pay attention to what you're touching with your contaminated gloves. It should go without saying to avoid touching any part of yourself, but also be sure not to touch clean surfaces or equipment that hasn't been contaminated. But if you do, it's not the end of the world; just remember to disinfect those as well. Cleaning Supplies Matter There are only two essential supplies you need: paper towels and bleach. Don't use toilet paper or napkins or even low-quality paper towels. The paper towels you use should be commercial grade and able to withstand the task at hand without falling apart. Bleach is super cheap and super effective, so there's no point in substituting. However, if you are going to substitute, make sure the cleaner or disinfectant you're using is up for the job. As in specifically manufactured to kill microorganisms and protect against all viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens and infectious materials. Body Fluid Cleanup Procedure The first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe. If there are any sharp objects, like broken glass or needles, remove those using tongs (or another safe method) and put all sharps into a contaminated sharps disposal container so you can disinfect them or dispose of them properly later. For the purpose of instruction, let's assume you're cleaning off a table with a modest amount of dried blood. There is no chance of spraying or splashing, and unless you're really reckless, you shouldn't have to worry about contaminating your clothing. Put on your 1st pair of medical grade gloves and remove any sharp objects. Wipe up as much of the dried blood as you can using a paper towel. Be sure to keep the blood isolated to the table or the paper towels. If you get some on the floor, be sure to disinfect it as well. Remove your 1st pair of gloves as shown in the video – using glove on glove for the first, and bare finger against your wrist for the second. Throw away both gloves. Put on your 2nd pair of medical grade gloves. Mix your bleach solution in a spray bottle and liberally spray the solution on the table where the dried blood was located. Wipe down with paper towels and make sure all the blood is visibly gone. Remove your 2nd pair of gloves using the same protective method as before. Put on your 3rd pair of gloves. (Yes, this is a bit of a pain. But if you don't do it this way, there's no point in cleaning up, as the risk of infection will likely still remain thanks to dirty gloves.) Lightly mist the surface of the table with your bleach solution and allow it to evaporate. The time it takes for the liquid solution to evaporate equals the time it takes to completely kill any pathogens remaining. Pro Tip #2: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends a bleach solution of one part bleach to nine parts water. This solution should be strong enough to kill any bloodborne pathogens and infectious materials you may encounter. Pro Tip #3: In general, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection, whether the barrier is a piece of protective clothing or a safe container to dispose of infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3357/body-fluid-cleanup-tattoo.jpg Yes 460 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/seizure https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2101.mp4 Seizure In this lesson, you'll learn how to treat an adult patient who goes into a seizure or has just come out of one. A person can go into a seizure for too many reasons to mention. As you are concerned, why it happened isn't important. Being able to recognize that it did happen is the key. For you to know if a seizure took place, ideally you or someone else saw the patient go into a tonic state that exhibited the following signs: Hands are gripped and pointed inward The patient is actively seizing The patient ends the seizure in the postictal state (relaxed recovery) How to Treat a Patient who is Actively Seizing There are a few important things that you can do when a person is suffering from a seizure to help protect them from further harm. First, is there anything around the patient that could injure them, such as sharp objects? If there is, remove the threat from the scene or move the patient to a safer area. If the patient is having a zootomic clonic seizure – in which they are fluctuating between contracting and relaxing – they could bang their head on the ground. To protect their head, simply cup your hands together and place them underneath the patient's head. Warning: Never hold down a seizing patient or try to stop the seizure in any way. Just support and protect the patient during the seizure. Then, once the seizure is over, assess for more serious situations like cardiac arrest. How to Treat a Patient after a Seizure Pro Tip #1: There are several things to do post-seizure, but the most important is calling 911 and activating EMS if it hasn't already been done. As soon as you determined that the patient had a seizure, and you don't know if the patient is an ongoing epileptic, call 911 immediately. After EMS has been activated, begin to assess the patient for a couple of things. Is the patient moving and breathing normally again? Are they beginning to return to consciousness? If the patient isn't moving or breathing normally, and isn't responsive to your taps and shouts, go right into CPR and retrieve or find an AED. If the patient is beginning to breathe normally again, does the breathing appear to be agonal respirations or more corrective breathing? To help keep the patient's airway open and clear, put them into the following recovery position. Elevate the arm closest to you and bring it up over the patient's head before placing it on the ground. Bring the patient's furthest leg over their other leg so that their legs are crossed. Grab the wrist of the furthest arm and the hip together, while placing your other hand under the head and neck and roll the patient toward you and onto their side. Support the head while you place the patient's outstretched arm under their own head and with the chin pointing down, allowing gravity to help clear the airway. Bend the patient's top leg to a 90-degree angle at the knee, essentially creating a kickstand to help protect the patient from rolling over. Pro Tip #2: A person who has just experienced a seizure – essentially an electrical storm in the brain – will be low on oxygen. As a result, they may be confused or combative and this will likely last a few minutes. While waiting for EMS to arrive, continue to assess the patient for breathing and recovery signs, like talking. Any signs that the patient is becoming more responsive are good signs. If the patient begins showing signs of shock – cool, pale, sweaty skin and a rapid pulse – cover him or her with a sheet, coat, or blanket and keep them as warm and comfortable as possible while waiting for EMS to arrive. A Word About Pediatric Seizures A seizure is a disorder in the brain's electrical system, which is sometimes marked by loss of consciousness and often by uncontrollable muscle movement, also referred to as convulsions. In children, febrile seizures are the most common type of seizure. These seizures occur with a rapidly-rising or excessively-high fever, typically higher than 102° F. Children with febrile seizures may exhibit some or all of the following signs and symptoms: Sudden rise in body temperature Jerking of the head and limbs Loss of bladder or bowel control Confusion Drowsiness Crying out Becoming rigid Holding the breath Rolling the eyes upward To assess what type of seizure the child has had and why, it's important to ask good questions: Has the child ever had seizures before? If so, is the child on medications for them? If not, is there a family history of seizures? Does the child have diabetes? If so, what type of insulin/medication is being used and when was the last time it was given? Has the child started taking any new medications lately? If the child takes medications, is it possible there may have been an overdose? Could the child have taken someone else's medication by accident? Could the child have ingested anything poisonous? Has the child had a recent injury, particularly a head trauma? Has the child seemed sick or had a high fever, stiff neck, or headaches? What did the seizure look like? Did it involve the child's whole body, or only one half of the body? Did it start in one area and progress to the rest? Did the child fall when the seizure began and if so, was it possible the child's head struck an object or the floor? These are just some of the questions you can use to help decipher what type of seizure the child had and why. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3761/seizure-2015.jpg Yes 246 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/tattoo/video/shock-lay-rescuer https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7184.mp4 Shock Shock is a progressive condition in which the circulatory system fails to adequately circulate oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical care as it is a multi-symptom and complex condition. When organs don't receive enough blood, the body begins to conserve blood flow by limiting it to legs, arms, and the skin. This insufficient blood volume is one thing that can lead to shock, as can low levels of plasma and fluids in the blood and airway obstruction. There are several types of shock, including psychological shock – a psychological condition in which worry and concern send a person into shock, rather than a physical condition. While this shock lesson is in the bleeding control section, it's important to understand that any first aid emergency could send a person into shock. Pro Tip #1: The important thing to remember with shock is that the symptoms are the same regardless of what contributes to it. It's a serious condition that warrants rapid treatment and an immediate 911 call. Besides psychological shock, there are four main types. The Four Main Types of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Hypovolemic shock is caused by a severe lack of blood and bodily fluids. The most common types of hypovolemic shock is dehydration and hemorrhagic shock, which occurs as a result of significant water or blood loss. Obstructive Shock Obstructive shock is caused by an obstruction to blood flow usually within the blood vessels, like a pulmonary embolism – a blood clot in a lung artery. Distributive Shock When there is an inadequate distribution of blood that results in low levels of blood returning to the heart, this can cause distributive shock. Examples include septic shock (due to toxins), anaphylactic shock (due to food allergies), and neurogenic shock (due to spinal cord or brain trauma). Pro Tip #2: One item to keep in mind is when you think of shock, it is the pale, cool, clammy skin. Which is true, unless we have distributive shock. Since distributive shock causes blood vessels to dilate (expand), this causes increased blood flow to the skin often making it warm and flushed (red). Cardiogenic Shock Cardiogenic shock is the result of the heart being unable to pump correctly to supply enough blood to vital organs. This can be caused by an injury to the heart, disease, or trauma. How to Provide Care Of course, the first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe, your gloves are on, and that you have your rescue mask with a one-way valve available if necessary. Warning: If at any point the victim stops breathing normally or becomes unresponsive, begin CPR (or rescue breathing) immediately and continue until medical professionals arrive. Pro Tip #3: The goal of care when the victim is in shock is to find and fix the problem that's sending them into shock. In the case of bleeding injuries, controlling blood loss is the first priority to help allow enough oxygenated blood to circulate, thereby keeping cells and vital organs working properly. The first step is to recognize the signs and symptoms of shock and realize that these can all progress and therefore should be monitored periodically. Look for these early signs of shock: Nervousness Rapid heart rate or breathing Anxiousness Sweaty Fearful Clammy skin As shock progresses, the victim's skin could become more pale, clammier, and the other symptoms could get worse. Clammy skin, incidentally, is due to a restriction in blood flow to the skin and extremities. Pro Tip #4: If you suspect shock, pinch a toenail or fingernail and measure the capillary response – the length of time it takes for blood to refill that nail. If it's more than a few seconds, your victim is likely in shock. How to Deal with a Shock Victim Your quick and competent response may be the difference between life and death. If you suspect the victim is in shock, proceed with the following steps. Call 911 or EMS. Depending on the cause of the shock, time is critical to get them to advance care. Always ensure scene safety for you and other bystanders. Maintain the victim's airway and help them breathe if they're not able to on their own. Begin CPR if unresponsive and not breathing. Help improve their circulation by controlling any bleeding. Start with the worst bleed, first, but all bleeding should be as controlled as possible. Place the victim flat on their back if possible. Do not elevate the legs if injury is suspected or if it causes discomfort. If a victim is breathing normally, but is unconscious with no concerns of spinal injury, another option is the recovery position. This is a great way to protect their airway. Cover the victim with a blanket or coat. Insulate them as best you can and keep them warm. This will help their bodies combat the effects of shock. Do not give shock victims anything to eat or drink as this could cause nausea and vomiting, which in turn can make the shock worse, not to mention this risk of blocking the airway. Stay with the patient and keep them calm. A Few Common Shock Questions Are there any tests I can perform on the victim to better help identify shock? If you suspect shock, pinch a toenail or fingernail and measure the capillary response – the length of time it takes for blood to refill that nail bed. If it's more than a few seconds – or the time it takes to say capillary refill – your victim is likely in shock. How do I know when to call 911? It's always better to be safe than sorry, so call 911 any time it's an actual emergency or if you're unsure what to do or overwhelmed, and how exactly that's defined will vary from rescuer to rescuer. However, as it pertains to this lesson, always call 911 immediately as soon as you suspect shock or as soon as the victim loses consciousness or begins having breathing issues. In other words, err on the side of victim safety. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/13028/shock-2025.jpg Yes 143 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/intoduccion-a-patogenos-de-sangre-en-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1882.mp4 Introducción a patógenos sanguíneos en trabajo Este curso está dirigido a personas que necesitan capacitación sobre control de infecciones y patógenos de la sangre que cumplen con OSHA, de acuerdo con la norma OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030, como parte de sus requisitos de trabajo, ya que pueden enfrentar exposición laboral a patógenos de transmisión sanguínea y enfermedades infecciosas. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3369/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-workplace.jpg Yes 260 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/hepatitis-c-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1886.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis C El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) se reproduce en el hígado y causa inflamación y posiblemente cirrosis, insuficiencia hepática o cáncer de hígado, muy parecido al virus de la hepatitis B. Sin embargo, el VHC es un virus diferente con sus propios rasgos. Una persona puede estar infectada y no tener signos ni síntomas, y puede vivir con el virus durante décadas sin saberlo, mientras que el virus causa daño al hígado. Alrededor del 80% de las personas expuestas desarrollan una infección crónica. Solo alrededor del 20% son capaces de eliminar el virus mediante la creación natural de inmunidad. El VHC se transmite principalmente a través del contacto con la sangre de una persona infectada a través de agujas. No hay cura ni vacunación contra el VHC. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3377/hepatitis-c-virus-workplace.jpg Yes 201 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/conclusion-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1914.mp4 Conclusión Gracias por tomar nuestro curso de patógenos transmitidos por la sangre, creado específicamente para el lugar de trabajo. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3441/conclusion-bloodborne-pathogens-workplace.jpg Yes 37 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/hepatitis-b-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1885.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis B La hepatitis B se reproduce en el hígado causando inflamación y posiblemente cirrosis, insuficiencia hepática o cáncer de hígado. Las personas pueden tener hepatitis B durante meses antes de que aparezcan los síntomas, por lo que se puede transmitir fácilmente a otras personas sin saberlo. A diferencia del VIH, el virus de la hepatitis B puede vivir fuera del cuerpo durante al menos 7 días o más en sangre seca. Es mucho más fácil atrapar este virus de la exposición. El virus se propaga principalmente por contacto sexual y abuso de drogas por vía intravenosa. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3375/hepatitis-b-virus-workplace.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/reducir-riesgos-de-patogenos-de-sangre-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1889.mp4 Cómo reducir tus riesgos Siga las precauciones estándar. Al igual que las precauciones universales, que incluyen la identificación de sangre y unos pocos fluidos corporales que tienen el potencial de contener patógenos transmitidos por la sangre, precauciones estándar significa tratar toda la sangre, fluidos corporales, piel no intacta (como abrasiones, granos o llagas abiertas) y membranas mucosas (dentro de los ojos, boca, nariz) como si pudieran transportar patógenos transmitidos por la sangre y enfermedades infecciosas. Esto incluye prácticas de inyección seguras, manejo seguro de equipos o superficies potencialmente contaminados en el entorno del paciente y etiqueta respiratoria o para la tos. La clave es eliminar la exposición a toda la sangre, fluidos corporales y otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3383/how-to-reduce-your-risk-workplace.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/vih-y-sida-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1884.mp4 VIH y SIDA El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana causa el SIDA, trastorno de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, en el cual el sistema inmunológico se vuelve incapaz de combatir la enfermedad. El VIH se transmite principalmente por contacto sexual. Menos del 1% de los profesionales médicos se infectan a través de la exposición laboral. No se transmite por contacto casual, como un apretón de manos, compartir alimentos o asientos de inodoro. No hay vacunación ni cura para el VIH. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3373/hiv-and-aids-workplace.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/controles-de-practicas-de-trabajo-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1888.mp4 Prácticas de trabajo y controles de ingeniería Los Controles de práctica laboral reducen la probabilidad de exposición al alterar la forma en que se realiza una tarea. Los controles administrativos incluyen seguir toda la capacitación, los requisitos legales, las políticas y los procedimientos relacionados con el control de infecciones en sus instalaciones. Los controles de ingeniería aíslan o eliminan los peligros de los patógenos transmitidos por la sangre en el lugar de trabajo. Estos incluyen recipientes para la eliminación de objetos punzantes, agujas autocubiertas y dispositivos médicos más seguros. Los controles de ingeniería deben ser examinados y mantenidos o reemplazados en un horario regular para asegurar su efectividad. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3381/work-practice-and-engineering-controls-workplace.jpg Yes 214 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/enfermedades-de-la-piel-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1887.mp4 Enfermedades de la piel La piel es el órgano más grande del cuerpo. Contiene vasos sanguíneos, receptores sensoriales, nervios y glándulas sudoríparas. Está formado por la epidermis y la dermis y varía en grosor de 1,5 a 4 mm o más. La piel es la primera línea de defensa contra la infección. Las enfermedades, los trastornos y las afecciones de la piel incluyen personas con forúnculos, heridas infectadas, llagas abiertas, abrasiones o lesiones dermatológicas que lloran. Las enfermedades cutáneas más comunes incluyen bacterias, virus y hongos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3379/skin-diseases-and-disorders-workplace.jpg Yes 224 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/como-se-propagan-los-patogenos-de-sangre-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1883.mp4 Cómo se propagan los patógenos de la sangre Los patógenos transmitidos por la sangre son microorganismos (como los virus) que están presentes en la sangre humana y pueden causar enfermedades en los humanos. Estos patógenos incluyen, entre otros, el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB), la hepatitis C (VHC) y el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La fuente principal de patógenos en la sangre potenciales es la sangre y los fluidos corporales específicos. El objetivo es prevenir la propagación de patógenos transmitidos por la sangre mediante la interrupción de la forma en que se propagan utilizando estrategias de control de la infección. La principal forma en que se propagan las infecciones como la hepatitis B, la hepatitis C o el VIH es a través del contacto sexual o el abuso de drogas por vía intravenosa. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3371/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-workplace.jpg Yes 309 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/desechos-regulados-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1890.mp4 Desechos regulados Los desechos regulados son la sangre líquida o semilíquida u otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos (OPIM) y los artículos contaminados que podrían liberar sangre u otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos en estado líquido o semilíquido si se comprimen. Esto también incluye artículos que se apilan con sangre seca u otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos y son capaces de desprenderse o liberar estos materiales durante el manejo. Los residuos debidamente etiquetados y agrupados deben manejarse de acuerdo con los procedimientos de eliminación de la instalación, los requisitos estatales y locales. No lo deseche en la basura normal. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3385/regulated-waste-workplace.jpg Yes 98 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/procedimientos-de-limpieza-de-fluidos-corporales-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1891.mp4 Limpieza de fluidos corporales Comience limpiando la mayor cantidad de líquido posible y deseche los materiales saturados en un desecho regulado o en una bolsa de riesgo biológico. Si algo de la sangre o el líquido está en sus guantes, quítese los guantes, use un guante para quitarse el otro y deséchelos en la bolsa de riesgo biológico. Ponte un nuevo par de guantes. Una vez que se haya limpiado la sangre visible, use la solución desinfectante y rocíe el resto del derrame. Límpielo para eliminar todos los restos de fluidos corporales. Luego, retire el segundo par de guantes y deséchelos. Rocíe toda la superficie y deje que se evapore para finalizar el proceso de descontaminación. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3387/body-fluid-cleanup-procedures-workplace.jpg Yes 385 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/incidentes-de-exposicion-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1894.mp4 Incidentes y reporte de exposición Un incidente de exposición se define como una membrana mucosa específica, piel rota o contacto por punción con sangre u OPIM que resulta del desempeño de los deberes de un empleado. Si una persona ha estado expuesta, debe descontaminar primero, reportar el incidente a un supervisor y buscar tratamiento médico. Una evaluación médica inmediata confidencial posterior a la exposición, un tratamiento profiláctico (tratamiento para ayudar a prevenir una infección) y un seguimiento debe ser realizado por un médico sin costo para el empleado. El papeleo debe completarse tan pronto como sea posible después del incidente, pero el tratamiento médico no debe demorarse completando el papeleo primero. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3393/exposure-incident-and-reporting-workplace.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/lavado-de-manos-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1893.mp4 Lavado de manos El lavado de manos es la técnica de control de infección más importante. Después de quitarse el equipo de protección personal, lávese siempre bien las manos frotándolas con un jabón antimicrobiano o usando un gel a base de alcohol. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3391/handwashing-workplace.jpg Yes 190 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/workplace/video/retirar-y-desechar-guantes-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1892.mp4 Retirado de guantes El guante en guante, la piel sobre la regla de la piel evita la contaminación. Agarrar el exterior de un guante cerca de la muñeca. Tire del guante hacia abajo y sáquelo de su mano, girándolo de adentro hacia afuera. Coloca el primer guante en una bola en el puño de tu mano enguantada. Usando los dedos debajo del guante en la muñeca de la otra mano, tire del segundo guante hacia abajo y sáquelo de la mano, dándole la vuelta al revés. Deseche los guantes adecuadamente y lávese las manos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3389/glove-removal-and-disposal-workplace.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1882.mp4 Intro to Bloodborne Pathogens Welcome to Bloodborne Pathogens in the Workplace. In this lesson, we'll be giving you a rundown of everything you can expect to learn in this important course. And more importantly, we'll explain exactly why this information is so particularly vital to your safety, and the safety of those around you. Before we dig into too deeply, it's important to understand why this training is important for you, if you could be possibly exposed to bloodborne pathogens in the workplace. You see, bloodborne pathogens are invisible. Therefore, it's impossible to know if they exist or not in blood or blood products … until you contract an infectious disease, and it's too late. What You Will Learn in this Course Some of the important things we'll be teaching you in this course are: How to recognize potentially dangerous situations in your workplace Simple steps to better protect yourself by using:• Personal protective equipment (PPE)• Engineering controls• Work practice controls• How to clean up body fluid spills appropriately Pro Tip #1: The skills you will learn in this course could not only save your life, but as already mentioned, since we're dealing with infectious diseases, these skills might also keep those people you care about around you safe as well. The Goals of this Course Do you know how to protect yourself from a bloodborne pathogen? Do you know what potential diseases You could face if you come in contact with blood or other body fluids? Do you know what to do if a person is bleeding and blood got on the floor and other surfaces? The goal of this bloodborne pathogens course for the workplace is simple – to help you answer those vitally important questions above. And also to give you the knowledge and the skills necessary to prevent you from getting a disease from a bloodborne pathogen. This course is intended for employees who need OSHA compliant bloodborne pathogen and infection control training. This course follows OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) which requires the following: Training must be given at the time of initial assignment to the tasks or occupational exposure that may take place. Annual training for all employees shall be provided within one year of the previous training. Employers shall provide additional training when any workplace changes affect the employees' occupational exposure, such as when there is:a. A modification of procedures b. A modification of tasks c. The institution of new procedures d. The institution of new tasks This additional training may be limited to address the new exposures that have been created. Lessons You'll Find in this Couse ProBloodborne for the Workplace includes the following bloodborne pathogen and infection control training: Basic terms related to bloodborne pathogens How bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are spread HIV/AIDS Hepatitis B Hepatitis C How to reduce your risk of exposure Engineering controls Work practices to protect yourself Personal protective equipment (PPE) Skin diseases Exposure control plans Proper cleanup and decontamination procedures Hazardous disposal Procedures to follow if an exposure incident occurs This course is intended to be equivalent to no less than 1.5 hours of training related to bloodborne pathogens and infection control, especially as it is related to the workplace. This entire program consists not only of lecture videos but also written course content (like this) and opportunities for you to ask questions via chat, email, and phone to the instructor who taught you. It's also important to take the time necessary to practice the skills you will be learning in these videos, such as: Putting on clean gloves Removing contaminated gloves Cleaning contaminated surfaces and equipment Proper handwashing techniques Warning: While some of these may sound stupid to you, we assure you they are not. These simple yet effective skills may be the difference between living with an infectious disease and not having to deal with that nightmare. In other words, it will serve you well to take all of the skill training seriously. At the conclusion of this lecture series and your practice with hands-on components, you will then go on to the written test, at which point you will be verified whether or not you retained this vital information that is required for your annual bloodborne pathogen certification specifically for the workplace. We also encourage you to remember this: As long as you have opted into our reminder emails, you will receive important updates about the latest changes for the training topics that we will be covering in this initial training. It's important to retain these valuable skills as they will help protect you from needless infections from bloodborne pathogens. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3369/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-workplace.jpg Yes 260 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/hepatitis-c-virus-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1886.mp4 Hepatitis C Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis C virus, also known as HCV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis C infection in the U.S. You're going to notice numerous similarities with the Hepatitis B virus. However, there will also be some significant and crucial differences to make note of. Much like the Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C can exhibit very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. It's not unusual for someone infected with Hepatitis C to live for decades with the disease and not know it, all the while the virus is slowly destroying their liver. The Hepatitis C virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This in turn can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. Some people who are exposed to Hepatitis C can fight the infection and rid it from the body. While others become chronically infected. You may recall that this is where we gave you some good news in the last lesson, as around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. While the other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B will become chronic. The problem is that with Hepatitis C, those numbers are practically inverted, as around 80 percent of those exposed develop a chronic infection, while the other 20 percent will clear the virus from their systems and develop and natural immunity to it. How Hepatitis C is Contracted and Spread Pro Tip #1: Hepatitis C is spread a little differently compared to Hepatitis B and HIV. While the latter two viruses are mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, Hepatitis C is spread mostly through blood, including sharing needles with an infected person (mostly due to injected drug use) and through getting tattoos and piercings with unsterilized equipment. Less common ways of contracting Hepatitis C in the U.S. include receiving blood, blood products, or organs that have been infected with the Hepatitis C virus. However, these instances are much less common since blood screening became available in 1992. Also, like both HIV and Hepatitis B, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby. And in healthcare settings, it can also be passed on through needle stick injuries. It's worth noting that these are both rare, as is spreading the disease through sexual intercourse. It should be noted that personal items that are contaminated with infected blood and then shared with others also present a risk – items like razors and toothbrushes, for example. Pro Tip #2: People who are infected with HIV face a much greater risk of also contracting Hepatitis C. Also, like both Hepatitis B and HIV, Hepatitis C cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with pubic items like doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. And there is no evidence of virus transmission from food handlers, teachers, or other service providers in the absence of blood to blood contact. Hepatitis C Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that around 3.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis C infection 17,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis C virus 12,000 people each year die from liver complications caused by Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and Hepatitis B, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis C are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for all the above is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis C symptoms (which mirror those of Hepatitis B) include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Hepatitis C Treatment Unfortunately, there is neither a Hepatitis C vaccine or a known cure. There are, however, new drugs that have come on the market that studies have shown can provide big improvements to those in need of Hepatitis C treatment. In some studies, those infected with the Hepatitis C virus who took one or more new drugs approved by the FDA showed up to a 90 percent success rate in eliminating the disease. The downside is the expense. Treatments can cost tens of thousands of dollars, making them financially available to only a select few who can afford them. A Word About Bloodborne Pathogens – Signs and Transmission Let's quickly recap the symptoms of the diseases covered in this section (Hepatitis B, C, and HIV) along with the modes of transmission for each. It may help to see the side-by-side comparisons for the purpose of retaining the information. HIV Symptoms: May or may not be present in the early stages. Late-contact stage symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, skin rashes, night sweats, loss of appetite, swollen lymph glands, significant weight loss, white spots in the mouth or vaginal discharge (signs of yeast infection), and memory or movement problems. Contraction: HIV is spread through both direct and possibly indirect contact with blood, semen, and vaginal fluid. Hepatitis B Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis B is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. Hepatitis C Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis C is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3377/hepatitis-c-virus-workplace.jpg Yes 201 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/conclusion-bloodborne-pathogens-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1914.mp4 Conclusion Thank you for taking our Bloodborne Pathogens course, created specifically for the workplace. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3441/conclusion-bloodborne-pathogens-workplace.jpg Yes 37 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/hepatitis-b-virus-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1885.mp4 Hepatitis B Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis B virus, also known as HBV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis B infection in the U.S. When a person is first infected with the Hepatitis B virus, it begins as an acute infection (meaning short in duration) and can range from very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. The Hepatitis B virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This, in turn, can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. An acute infection is defined by duration – the first six months after the person is exposed to the virus. Some people's bodies can fight the infection and rid it from their systems. While others become chronically infected (meaning long-term). Pro Tip #1: What does a chronic infection mean in practical terms? It means the virus remains in the blood, affects and damages liver cells over time, which causes illnesses like cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer, and eventually death. The good news – Around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. The other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B fall into that chronic category outlined above. Warning: Hepatitis B is particularly devastating for infants and young children, as the majority will be at a much greater risk of developing a chronic infection. In most kids, Hepatitis B is a silent killer, and left unchecked will slowly destroy the liver over a period of 20 years or more. How Hepatitis B is Contracted and Spread Hepatitis B is contracted in the same ways as HIV. It's mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, or as a result of sharing needles or syringes with an infected person. And, like HIV, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby, especially if the infant came into contact with blood or other bodily fluids through breaks in the skin like cuts or sores. Pro Tip #2: Do not expect a person with chronic Hepatitis B to look or appear sick. The virus cares little about appearances and will spread regardless. Hepatitis B Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that up to 1.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis B infection 38,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis B virus 3000 people each year die from liver disease caused by Hepatitis B The number of infections has significantly decreased since 1990, thanks to routine Hepatitis B vaccinations Hepatitis B Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and AIDS, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis B are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for both is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis B symptoms include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay-colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Pro Tip #3: The Hepatitis B virus is up to 100 times easier to catch than HIV. There are several reasons for this including the virus' size, as it's much smaller than HIV, and the fact that the Hepatitis B virus can live outside the body for at least seven days, depending on specific conditions. Also, like HIV, Hepatitis B cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. Hepatitis B Vaccine This is where the Hepatitis B and HIV similarities end, as there is an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B that is administered in three doses over a six-month period. The vaccine is safe, as it's made from non-infectious materials and cannot cause one to become infected with the Hepatitis B virus. Also, severe problems or allergic reactions are rare. The Hepatitis B vaccine is around 80 – 95 percent effective in providing protection against the virus, but only in situations where all three doses of the vaccine are administered. Pro Tip #4: It's probably a good idea to not assume the vaccine worked. It's easy enough to confirm your newly developed immunity to the Hepatitis B virus but wait at least one to two months after completing the vaccine series before getting tested. *It should be noted, that at this time, booster doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine are not recommended. Consider Getting the Hepatitis Vaccine if … There are some people who are more likely to be occupationally exposed to the Hepatitis B virus than others, and that includes: Tattoo artists, or anyone who performs body piercings or body art People who administer first aid routinely Professionals who provide medical care Employees responsible for assisting in bathroom care People who work in medical and/or dental offices People who handle medical waste Employees who perform custodial duties that involve the cleaning of decontaminated surfaces – blood and other possibly infectious materials Anyone whose job will, or might, expose them to the Hepatitis B virus must be offered the vaccine for free through their employer. Employees who do not want the vaccine will need to complete a vaccine declination form. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3375/hepatitis-b-virus-workplace.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/how-to-reduce-your-risk-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1889.mp4 How to Reduce Your Risk In this lesson, you'll learn how to minimize your risk of exposure to all bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Your first line of defense when it comes to these threats is known as standard precautions. Standard precautions include maintaining personal hygiene, using personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, work practice controls, and proper equipment for cleaning contaminated areas and surfaces, along with the proper cleanup procedures. Standard precautions represent the minimum infection prevention practices that everyone must follow, based on your employer's control plan. These precautions are key to eliminating exposure to all blood and bodily fluids. Remember, it's better to assume that all bodily fluids carry the risk of disease and/or infection, rather than the opposite – to assume there is no risk. So, what are the standard precautions? Standard Bloodborne and OPIM Precautions Standard precautions can be broken down into two areas – proper use of handwashing and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment, or PPE. Handwashing Pro Tip #1: While it may seem simple, handwashing is the single most effective way to prevent infection. To be as safe as possible, follow the three handwashing guidelines below. Wash your hands before and after contact is made with clients or patients. Wash your hands as often as needed – as they become visibly soiled or when exposed to possibly infectious materials. Wash your hands using soap and hot water immediately after removing your gloves. Pro Tip #2: What if you don't have access to soap and water? In these cases, you can substitute soap and water with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. If you routinely find yourself in these situations, it may be a good idea to carry some hand sanitizer with you. Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment includes things like gloves, gowns, and masks and should be used or worn whenever the exposure to body fluids is anticipated. Warning: Wearing gloves is not a reason to forego handwashing and in no way will eliminate the necessity for handwashing, which is, once again, the single most effective way to prevent infection. Your Employee Exposure Control Plan An exposure control plan is simply a written plan that's provided by your employer, the aim of which is to eliminate or minimize your occupational exposure to blood and OPIM. While the details may vary from one employer to the next, every relevant workplace must provide easily accessible copies of this plan to its employees. Each exposure control plan must include two things: A determination of exposure by job classification and … The implementation of various methods of exposure control, including:a. Universal or standard precautionsb. Engineering and work practice controlsc. Personal protective equipmentd. Information on the Hepatitis B vaccinee. Communication of hazards to employees and the required trainingf. Recordkeepingg. Procedures for evaluating circumstances surrounding exposure incidentsh. Post exposure evaluation and follow-upi. The implementation of methods for all of the above Pro Tip #3: Universal Precautions are a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of HIV, the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens when providing care; these precautions consider blood and OPIM of all patients potentially infectious. These are OSHA-required practices that require you to treat ALL blood and OPIM as if known to be infectious. Protecting Yourself from Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM The fundamental method of protecting yourself against pathogens and infection is by controlling the hazards. This can be accomplished a number of ways, including: Elimination. Get rid of all hazards or hazardous tasks if possible. Substitution. Replace hazards or hazardous tasks with safer equipment and/or safer methods. Engineering controls. Use devices such as self-sheathing needles and sharps containers to block or remove your risks of getting stuck, poked, or cut. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Know where your PPE is located and how to properly use it. Also, keep in mind that PPE only protects you if you use it. Work practice and administrative controls. It's important to follow the policies and procedures for your workplace to eliminate all risks associated with bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. What exactly is a work practice control? A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out. When followed, all of these protection methods will help make your workplace and your work activities much safer. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3383/how-to-reduce-your-risk-workplace.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/hiv-and-aids-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1884.mp4 HIV and AIDS HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It attacks the body and harms the immune system by destroying the white blood cells that fight infection. Which in turn diminishes the body's ability to protect itself against disease. If left untreated, HIV will eventually progress into AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In this lesson, we'll take a look at transmission rates, symptoms (though very problematic and unreliable), and how you can better protect yourself from infection. Pro Tip #1: On average, it takes 10 years for the HIV virus to progress into AIDS. However, this average varies greatly person to person, and is affected by a number of factors like health status, behavioral characteristics, medications taken, etc. Since 1996, with the introduction of powerful retroviral therapies, the natural progression of HIV to AIDS has been slowed. AIDS Statistics in the U.S. There are around 1.1 million people living with HIV in the United States. What is perhaps even more troubling is that around 18 percent aren't even aware they have been infected, as they haven't been tested and symptoms don't exist or aren't noticeable. Around 50,000 people become infected with HIV each year and approximately 15,000 each year die from AIDS. HIV Infection Rates by Category According to CDC From highest to lowest, these are the ways in which people are infected with HIV each year in the U.S. Category 2011 2018 Male to male sexual contact 62% 66% Heterosexual contact (females) 18% 16% Heterosexual contact (males) 10% 8% Injection drug use (male) 5% 4% Injection drug use (female) 3% 3% Male to male sexual contact and IDU 3% 4% Other 1% 1% Other includes babies who are born from infected mothers, blood transfusions, and needle sticks, among other less common reasons. Of the babies that contract HIV, this can occur before birth, during birth, or during breastfeeding. Pro Tip #2: Out of the estimated 50,000 people per year infected with HIV, less than one percent is due to a work-related incident. What does this mean for you? Of all the ways people contract HIV, very few will become infected in the workplace, even in professions (like yours) where the risk is higher. Warning: Don't let that lull you into a false sense of security. Part of the reason that number is so low is because proper infection control policies are routinely put in place for many professions who are around bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. Follow your policies and procedures, and your chances will likely go well below that one percent. HIV Signs and Symptoms If left unchecked, HIV is a deadly virus that eventually will spread to AIDS. But how do you know if you've been infected with HIV? Get tested! That's the only sure way to know. However, sometimes there are signs. (Often there are no symptoms, which is why it's a good idea to get tested if there's any question or doubt.) Symptoms, when present, can include: Fever Fatigue Night sweats Weight loss Rash Dry cough Pro Tip #3: The HIV virus is actually quite fragile (outside the body) and will die within seconds after being exposed to air. Inside the body, the amount of the virus present in body fluid and the physiological condition of the host will determine how long the virus lives. It's important to note – There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. Some Important HIV/AIDS Takeaways How HIV is spread is important, as this happens mostly through unprotected sex and from sharing needles or syringes. Only a very small fraction of one percent of people are infected while providing medical care, and most of these are due to sticks from dirty needles. While this may seem obvious to many, particularly medical professionals, HIV (like other bloodborne pathogens and OPIM) cannot be spread by casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, doorknobs, toilet seats, etc. Pro Tip #4: Remember, symptoms are not reliable and may not be present for many years, which means numerous people infected with HIV will never know they have it until those symptoms appear or … through proper testing. A Word About Pathogens and the Diseases and Conditions They Cause Let's take a quick look at the variety of pathogens that exist and the conditions and diseases they cause. Viruses Hepatitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox, meningitis, rubella, influenza, warts, colds, herpes, HIV (which causes AIDS), genital warts, smallpox, avian flu, Ebola, and Zika. Bacteria Tetanus, meningitis, scarlet fever, strep throat, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, toxic shock syndrome, Legionnaires' disease, diphtheria, food poisoning, Lyme disease, and anthrax. Fungi Athlete's foot, ringworm, and histoplasmosis. Protozoa Malaria, dysentery, Cyclospora, and giardiasis. Rickettsia Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Parasitic Worms Abdominal pain, anemia, lymphatic vessel blockage, lowered antibody response, and respiratory and circulatory complications. Prions Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Yeasts Candidiasis (also known as thrush). https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3373/hiv-and-aids-workplace.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/work-practice-and-engineering-controls-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1888.mp4 Work Practice and Engineering Controls In this lesson, we're going to take a closer look at work practice controls, administrative controls, and engineering controls, so that you can have a deeper understanding of not only what they are, but why they're important. Work Practice Controls A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of being exposed to blood or other pathogens by changing the way a task is carried out. Administrative Controls Administrative controls are changes in work procedures such as written safety policies, rules, supervision, schedules, and training with the goal of reducing the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to hazardous chemicals or situations. Administrative controls include the completion of all relevant training, any and all legal requirements that must be met and adhered to, and all the policies and procedures related to infection control at your workplace. Engineering Controls An engineering control measure is one that eliminates, isolates, or removes a hazard from the workplace; things used in the workplace to help reduce the risk of an exposure. Engineering controls include: Sharps disposal containers Needle containment devices Other safety devices that prevent handlers from getting cut or poked Pro Tip #1: Engineering controls should be examined and/or maintained on a regular set schedule to ensure their maximum effectiveness. Make sure these controls are in place at your workplace to minimize your risk of exposure. Examples of Workplace, Administrative, and Engineering Controls This list is in no way meant to be a complete accounting of all controls, but rather to give you a good idea of what workplace, administrative, and engineering controls look like in the workplace. Food, drink, etc. You shouldn't eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics, or handle contact lenses in any and all work areas where there exists the possibility of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials. Trash disposal. When disposing of any trash that contains contaminated materials, do not compress the trash with your hand. Also, when carrying contaminated materials for disposal, be sure to carry the trash away from your body in case of spillage. Environment and work surfaces. All equipment and surfaces in your work environment should be thoroughly cleaned and decontaminated after all contact with blood, other body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Contaminated sharp objects. When dealing with contaminated needles and other sharp objects (routinely shortened to just sharps) there are certain guidelines to follow, such as not using bent needles, recapping needles, or trying to remove questionable needles. All needles and sharps must also be placed into appropriate sharps containers immediately after use. Warning labels. Warning labels should be affixed to all regulated waste and other containers that are used to store, transport, or ship other potentially infected materials. Labels must be fluorescent orange or red, or at least predominantly orange or red, to indicate a possible threat, along with lettering and symbols in a contrasting color. Personal protective equipment. All employees must be provided with personal protective equipment by their employer and at no cost to the employee. Examples of PPE include:a. Gloves – Wear gloves whenever the potential exists of touching blood, bodily fluids, or other potentially contaminated items.b. CPR shields and protective eyewear – Use these items when there's a likelihood of blood and OPIM being secreted or splashed.c. Gowns – Wear a gown when the potential exists of getting blood and other bodily fluids on any clothing or exposed skin.d. Masks and respirators – Use whenever there's a potential risk of coming into contact with airborne infectious diseases. Pro Tip #2: Having personal protective equipment at your workplace is great, but do you know what's even better? Knowing exactly where all PPE is located and being able to properly use them. Be sure PPE is available at your workplace and that you've been appropriately trained to use them. If you're in a profession where you have access to a first aid kit at work, be sure it's properly stocked with all necessary items, such as gloves and CPR face shields or rescue masks. Cleaning Rather than Disposing? If you are tasked with laundering contaminated items – like reusable gowns – rather than disposing of them, make sure you follow your facility's specific procedures for cleaning and handling these items. General laundry procedures will include: Wearing personal protective equipment whenever handling contaminated laundry Keeping contaminated laundry separate from non-contaminated laundry Bagging potentially contaminated laundry in the same area in which it was used, rather than transporting it elsewhere to bag Using leak-proof bags for wet contaminated laundry Transporting contaminated laundry in properly labeled bags, especially when shipping it to an offsite facility A Work Practice Cheat Sheet As you now know, work practice controls reduce the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out, which helps reduce the risk of an exposure incident. This cheat sheet is not meant to be complete, however these are some of the more common controls you'll likely face. Place all sharps items in puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers that are both labeled and available at the point of use. Avoid splashing, spraying, and splattering droplets of blood or OPIM when performing all procedures. Remove and dispose of soiled protective clothing as soon as possible. Clean and disinfect all equipment and work surfaces that may have been soiled by blood or OPIM. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water immediately after being exposed to any potentially contaminated materials and be sure the sink is not located in a food preparation area. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when handwashing facilities are not available. Do not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics or lip balm, handle contact lenses, or touch your mouth, nose, or eyes when you are in an area where you may be exposed to infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3381/work-practice-and-engineering-controls-workplace.jpg Yes 214 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/skin-diseases-and-disorders-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1887.mp4 Skin Diseases and Disorders This lesson will cover a variety of skin diseases and disorders, including some information on the human body's largest organ, how skin disorders are spread, signs and symptoms, and a word about the body's natural defenses. Skin diseases and disorders include boils, open sores, infected wounds, abrasions, weeping dermatological lesions, and more. It's important that anyone with these sorts of conditions abstain from working if there's any chance that they can contaminate healthcare supplies, work surfaces, body art equipment, etc. Ideally, your skin should be free of rashes and infection, particularly for healthcare providers, caregivers, tattoo artists, and the like. Alternatively, you can also cover all open sores and wounds with bandages to avoid any potential spread of disease, if the condition isn't too severe or contagious. The Largest Organ in the Body Yes, as you probably guessed (or maybe already knew), it's your skin! Your skin contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, nerves, and sweat glands. The thickness varies person to person, from around 1.5 millimeters to 4 millimeters. Pro Tip #1: Most people probably don't spend much time thinking about their skin beyond a few wrinkles. But this would be disrespectful, as your skin is the first line of defense against infection, but only if it's intact. The Three Layers of Skin Epidermis – The epidermis is the thick outer layer that we most likely associate as being our skin. But there's much more to it than that. Dermis – The dermis is the flexible second layer of our skin. It's composed mostly of connective tissue and filled with blood vessels and nerves. Hypodermis – The hypodermis is the innermost layer, also known as the subcutaneous layer, and is composed of fatty material. Commonly Spread Skin Diseases Skin diseases and disorders can be the result of bacteria, viruses, or fungus. Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is a type of germ that about 30 percent of people have on their skin and carry in their noses. Most of the time, staph does not cause any harm. However, sometimes staph causes infections. In healthcare settings, these staph infections can be serious or fatal. Staph infections look like pimples or boils or something similar. And most of the time, staph infections are easily treatable. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's more difficult to treat than most strains of staph as it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. MRSA infections can look like typical skin wounds and infected sores. However, since they can be resistant to antibiotic treatment, they sometimes tend not to heal and even get worse. People contract MRSA infections through contact with infected mucous membranes, skin, or contaminated objects. Most of the time, MRSA infections are limited to the skin. But more severe, life-threatening infections can occur elsewhere in the body – frequently among patients with compromised immune systems in a healthcare setting. Viruses The herpes simplex virus is a commonly spread skin infection that causes herpes. Herpes can appear in various parts of the body, most commonly on the face, scalp, arms, neck, and upper chest. Herpes is usually indicated by small round blisters. When broken, these blisters can secrete a clear or yellowish fluid. Contraction of herpes occurs from contact with infected saliva, mucous membranes, and skin. Fungus Commonly spread fungus-related skin disorders include athlete's foot and ringworm. The only real difference between the two is location, as ringworm can develop on the skin, hair, nails, and scalp. Whereas athlete's foot only occurs in the feet, mostly between the toes. The two both present similar signs – red, patchy, flaky, itchy skin. They're both also highly contagious and easily spread from one person to another, or through infected surfaces in warm, moist environments, like shower floors for example. Keeping areas susceptible to athlete's foot clean and dry will go a long way to preventing the spread of the fungus. Pro Tip #2: Some people are more prone to developing skin disorders, including anyone with a history of the following diseases and conditions: Hepatitis B and C HIV and AIDS Diabetes Hemophilia or other blood disorders Other skin diseases or lesions Allergies or adverse reactions to pigments, dyes, latex, etc. Other immune disorders A Word About the Body's Natural Defenses The human body has several natural defenses that prevent infectious microorganisms from entering it. The body is very much dependent on intact skin and mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, and eyes to keep infectious microorganisms out. When the skin isn't intact, infectious microorganisms can enter through openings, like abrasions, cuts, and sores. Mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, and eyes also work to protect the body from these same invaders, often by expelling them through a cough or sneeze. Should all the body's barriers fail and a germ enters, the immune system will begin working to fight the pathogen. Pro Tip #3: Mucous membranes are less effective than skin at keeping bloodborne pathogens out of the body. All the more reason to treat your skin with the ultimate care. The immune system's basic tools for handling these invaders are antibodies and white blood cells. Special white blood cells have the ability to travel around the body and identify invading pathogens. Once detected, white blood cells gather around the pathogen and release antibodies to fight the infection. While antibodies can usually rid the body of pathogens, this isn't always the case. Some pathogens, once inside the body, can thrive, multiply, and overwhelm the immune system. This combination of preventing pathogens from entering the body and destroying them once they enter is necessary for good health and contributes to a little something called homeostasis, or balance/stability in all physiological processes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3379/skin-diseases-and-disorders-workplace.jpg Yes 224 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1883.mp4 How Bloodborne Pathogens are Spread In this lesson, we'll take a look at how one gets ill from a bloodborne pathogen or infectious disease. But first, how about a couple of definitions? Bloodborne Pathogen – A bloodborne pathogen is a microorganism that's present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. Infectious Disease – An infectious disease is a disease (also caused by microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.) that enters the body through various biological routes. It's important to note that not all bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are created equally, as some can produce mild symptoms, while others can be life-threatening. The Chain of Infection For any disease to spread, several conditions must be present. This is known as the chain of infection. And if you recall from the last lesson, those conditions are as follows: There must be an adequate number of pathogens or disease-causing organisms in the environment. There needs to be a reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and even multiply, such as blood. There must be a mode of transmission from source to host. There must be an entrance through which the pathogen enters the host. The host must be susceptible to that pathogen, as opposed to being immune to it. Pro Tip #1: Infection control strategies help prevent disease transmission by interrupting one or more links in the chain of infection. Sources of Bloodborne Pathogens The primary source of potential bloodborne pathogens is blood and specific bodily fluids, like semen and vaginal secretions. However, there are other bodily fluids that may contain bloodborne pathogens, especially if they are visibly contaminated with blood. Those sources include: Cerebrospinal fluid in the brain Synovial fluid in the joints Pleural fluid in the lungs Amniotic fluid in and around the uterus Pericardial fluid around the heart Peritoneal fluid in the abdomen Urine, feces, saliva, and a few other fluids don't typically carry bloodborne pathogens, however … Pro Tip #2: Because it's so difficult to identify contaminated body fluids or know for sure if those fluids are contaminated with blood, it's important to treat ALL bodily fluids as potential threats that could include bloodborne pathogens. How Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM Get into the Body There are four basic modes of transmission: Direct Contact – Direct contact transmission occurs when microorganisms are transferred from an infected person to another person. An example would be a tattoo artist with an open, uncovered cut or wound, in which blood from a client/source comes in contact with that wound. Parenteral Exposure – Parenteral exposure is when infected blood and/or bodily fluids are introduced into the body through piercing or puncturing the skin. An example would be getting stuck with a contaminated needle or being cut with a sharp object that's been contaminated. Indirect Contact – Indirect contact is when a contaminated object (tools, needles, etc.) makes contact with a person's skin or mucous membranes, like those found in the eyes, mouth, nose, and ears. Which is why it's so important to decontaminate any objects that have blood on them. Airborne Transmission – Airborne transmission occurs when droplets or small particles that contain an infectious agent remain active in the air and are then inhaled into the body. An example of this would be tuberculosis. While airborne transmission is possible, most cases of bloodborne pathogen infections do not fall into this category. Some Risks are Higher than Others While it's important to consider all blood and bodily fluids potential threats, there are some methods of transmission that are more common than others. Highest Potential Risks The most common ways bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread are: Getting stuck with an infected needle Sexual contact Other than sexual contact, the highest potential risks are when a contaminated, sharp object punctures or cuts the skin, such as with an infected needle, a broken piece of contaminated glass, or getting cut by a razor that was also used by an infected person. Pro Tip #3: Fans of the TV show Live PD will be familiar with police protocol before searching a person – a protocol that includes asking if that person has any sharp objects or needles that could poke, stab, or cut them. If you weren't sure why police officers do this, now you know. Medium Potential Risks Medium risks involve situations where blood and bodily fluids get into an open cut or are absorbed through a mucous membrane – eyes, nose, ears, mouth, etc. Like our tattoo artist example from above. Lowest Potential Risks The lowest potential risks include situations where contaminated objects come in contact with inflamed skin, acne, skin abrasions, etc. Which brings up a good point. Pro Tip #4: Knowing how bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread is important to be sure. But so is knowing what prevents those microorganisms from spreading. And the number one line of defense is intact skin. In fact, the CDC (Center for Disease Control) has stated that there is no known risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases through intact skin. Which means casual contact – like handshaking, hugging, touching doorknobs, etc. – are not considered threats in normal situations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3371/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-workplace.jpg Yes 309 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/regulated-waste-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1890.mp4 Regulated Waste In this lesson, we'll cover what regulated waste is as defined by OSHA, along with some standard protocols for handling and disposing of it. The OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard defines regulated waste as: Any liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious material. Contaminated items that would release blood or OPIM in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed or rung out. Items that are caked with dried blood or OPIM and are capable of flaking off and releasing these materials during handling. Contaminated sharps. Pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or OPIM. How to Dispose of Regulated Waste Pro Tip #1: It's important to note that all properly labeled and bundled waste should be handled according to your facility's disposal procedures. It's also important to consider any state or local requirements that may apply to regulated waste disposal in your area. Having said that, here are a few guidelines to follow when disposing of regulated waste. Warning: While this should go without saying, never dispose of potentially contaminated waste into normal trash receptacles. Regulated Waste Containers All blood and other potentially infectious materials must be disposed of in properly labeled biohazard containers, in either a red bag or a predominantly orange or red container that has been imprinted with the biohazard symbol. Regulated waste containers must be: Sealable. You must be able to completely close and seal the container. Properly constructed. The container must be able to properly handle its contents without fail. Leak-proof. The regulated waste container must prevent leakage of all fluids and materials while handling, storing, transporting, and shipping. Sharps Containers All items falling into this category – like needles, syringes, and razors – must be placed into sealable, leak-proof, puncture-resistant containers. The containers must also be properly labeled or color-coded. Pro Tip #2: Regardless of type, all regulated waste containers should be routinely inspected and replaced, and they should never be allowed to overfill. A Word About OSHA's Regulations Since OSHA may be the reason you're taking this course, let's dig a little deeper into what the employer's responsibilities are when it comes to following those regulations. Pro Tip #3: Safety is job number one. If you notice that your employer is falling short of adhering to guidelines or not providing everything on this list, you may want to consider asking someone. OSHA regulations regarding bloodborne pathogens have placed specific responsibilities on employers for the protection of employees (like you). These include all of the following: Identifying positions or tasks covered by the bloodborne and OPIM standard precautions. Creating an exposure control plan to minimize the possibility of exposure and making the plan easily accessible to all employees. Developing and putting into action a written schedule for cleaning and decontaminating environments and work surfaces at the workplace. Creating a system for easy identification of soiled material and its proper disposal. Developing a system of annual training for all covered employees. Offering the opportunity for employees to get the hepatitis B vaccination at no cost. Establishing clear procedures to follow for reporting an exposure. Creating a system of recordkeeping. In workplaces where there is potential exposure to injuries from contaminated sharps, soliciting input from non-managerial employees with potential exposure regarding the identification, evaluation, and selection of effective engineering and work practice controls. (In other words, the feedback of those being exposed.) If a needlestick injury occurs, recording the appropriate information in the sharps injury log, including:a. The type and brand of device involved in the incidentb. The location of the incidentc. A description of the incident Maintaining a sharps injury log in such a way that protects the privacy of employees. Ensuring the confidentiality of all employees' medical records and exposure incidents. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3385/regulated-waste-workplace.jpg Yes 98 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/body-fluid-cleanup-procedures-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1891.mp4 Body Fluid Cleanup In this lesson, you'll learn how to clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces, whether floors, tables, or equipment. But first, let's address some safety issues pertaining to cleanup. Personal Protective Equipment Before disinfecting any contaminated areas or surfaces, first ask yourself if you have the proper PPE – personal protective equipment – to complete the job safely. PPE you may need includes: Gloves, always Face shield and/or eye protection An apron or gown In most cases, these three items will be enough, and in many instances, gloves alone will suffice. When should you use a disposable apron or gown? Whenever there's a reasonable chance you could get bloodborne pathogens or other potentially infectious materials on your clothing. The biggest problem involved with getting pathogens on clothing is cross-contamination, and we'll get into this more in a minute. When should you use a face or eye shield? Whenever there's a reasonable chance of spraying or splashing. If you're cleaning dried blood off a counter, you probably don't need to go that extra mile. But what if you were disinfecting a piece of machinery with many parts at or around eye level? Mostly it just comes down to common sense. Having the proper cleanup equipment and personal protective equipment is the first step in any cleanup project. Make sure you have everything you need for the task at hand. And always err on the side of caution. Pro Tip #1: Not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Also, one pair of gloves isn't going to cut it. In order to keep from re-contaminating the scene, or even contaminating another scene, you'll change your gloves a few times in the course of one cleanup job. Which brings up a good point … Warning: Pay attention to what you're touching with your contaminated gloves. It should go without saying to avoid touching any part of yourself, but also be sure not to touch clean surfaces or equipment that hasn't been contaminated. But if you do, it's not the end of the world; just remember to disinfect those as well. Cleaning Supplies Matter There are only two essential supplies you need: paper towels and bleach. Don't use toilet paper or napkins or even low-quality paper towels. The paper towels you use should be commercial grade and able to withstand the task at hand without falling apart. Bleach is super cheap and super effective, so there's no point in substituting. However, if you are going to substitute, make sure the cleaner or disinfectant you're using is up for the job. As in specifically manufactured to kill microorganisms and protect against all viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens and infectious materials. Body Fluid Cleanup Procedure The first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe. If there are any sharp objects, like broken glass or needles, remove those using tongs (or another safe method) and put all sharps into a contaminated sharps disposal container so you can disinfect them or dispose of them properly later. For the purpose of instruction, let's assume you're cleaning off a table with a modest amount of dried blood. There is no chance of spraying or splashing, and unless you're really reckless, you shouldn't have to worry about contaminating your clothing. Pro Tip #2: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends a bleach solution of one part bleach to nine parts water. This solution should be strong enough to kill any bloodborne pathogens and infectious materials you may encounter. Put on your 1st pair of medical grade gloves and remove any sharp objects. Wipe up as much of the dried blood as you can using a paper towel. Be sure to keep the blood isolated to the table or the paper towels. If you get some on the floor, be sure to disinfect it as well. Remove your 1st pair of gloves as shown in the video – using glove on glove for the first, and bare finger against your wrist for the second. Throw away both gloves. Put on your 2nd pair of medical grade gloves. Mix your bleach solution in a spray bottle and liberally spray the solution on the table where the dried blood was located. Wipe down with paper towels and make sure all the blood is visibly gone. Remove your 2nd pair of gloves using the same protective method as before. Put on your 3rd pair of gloves. (Yes, this is a bit of a pain. But if you don't do it this way, there's no point in cleaning up, as the risk of infection will likely still remain thanks to dirty gloves.) Lightly mist the surface of the table with your bleach solution and allow it to evaporate. The time it takes for the liquid solution to evaporate equals the time it takes to completely kill any pathogens remaining. Pro Tip #3: In general, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection, whether the barrier is a piece of protective clothing or a safe container to dispose of infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3387/body-fluid-cleanup-procedures-workplace.jpg Yes 385 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/exposure-incident-and-reporting-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1894.mp4 Exposure Incident and Reporting Being exposed to a bloodborne pathogen or other potentially infectious materials is a serious topic. In this lesson, we'll go over what to do if you ever find yourself in that situation, along with some responsibilities that your employer bears. An exposure incident is defined as contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties. Contact specifically means contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.), broken skin, or through a puncture-related incident, or in any situation where there exists a high probability of contamination. What to do if You are Exposed If you are exposed, take the following steps immediately: Clean the contaminated area thoroughly with soap and water. Wash needlestick injuries, cuts, and exposed skin with soap and water. Flush out any splashes of blood and OPIM to the mouth and nose with water. If the eyes are involved, irrigate with clean water, saline, or sterile irrigants for 20 minutes. Seek immediate follow-up care as identified in your department exposure control plan. Pro Tip #1: You'll also need to report the incident and complete all the appropriate forms as soon as possible after the exposure incident. However, DO NOT delay medical treatment to fill out paperwork. Medical treatment should include an immediate post-exposure evaluation, prophylaxis treatment, and the appropriate follow up care, all of which should be conducted by a physician at no cost to the employee. Exposure Incident Reporting An exposure incident should include the following: The time, date, and location of the exposure. An account of all the people involved, including the exposed person, names of their first aid providers, and if possible, the name of the source individual. The circumstances of the exposure, any actions taken after the exposure, and any other information required by your employer. Pro Tip #2: What do we mean by if possible from point number two above? The situation could include a source that is unknown. Or state or local laws may prohibit the identification of the source of the infection. However, if the source is known and if that person gives consent, tests should be conducted as soon as possible, particularly for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. Report the exposure incident to the appropriate person identified in your employer's exposure control plan (often the infection control officer). There will be forms to fill out and continued follow-up, which will proceed according to your employer's policies. Your employer's exposure control plan must specify who should be contacted and what procedures need to be done to follow-up. This includes the employer's responsibilities to provide post-exposure prophylaxis when medically indicated, counseling, and the evaluation of reported illnesses at no charge. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3393/exposure-incident-and-reporting-workplace.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/handwashing-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1893.mp4 Handwashing Hand washing is the most important and effective infection control technique. And while all of you already wash your hands regularly, in this lesson we're going to teach you the proper ways to wash and disinfect your hands to greatly reduce your chances of contamination. When Should You Wash Your Hands? Wash your hands whenever they're visibly dirty, but also: Before having any contact with clients/patients Before putting on your gloves Before performing any procedures After contact with client's skin, bodily fluids, excretions, non-intact skin, wound dressings, and contaminated items After using the bathroom After touching garbage After removing your gloves Proper Hand-Washing Technique Pro Tip #1: In a world filled with technological advances and new and improved items at every turn, the old standard when it comes to handwashing is still the superior choice – soap and water – as it's still the best way to reduce the number of germs in most situations. Use a disposable paper towel to turn on the sink faucet. Thoroughly wet your hands. Apply a generous amount of soap. Rub your hands together, covering all the surface areas – backs of hands, between fingers, under nails – for at least 20 seconds. Rinse your hands under the running water. Dry your hands with a disposable paper towel. Use that towel to turn off the sink faucet. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers will quickly reduce the number of microbes on your hands, but it won't eliminate all types of germs. Proper Use of Hand Sanitizer Hand sanitizers that are alcohol based are great options if soap and water aren't available. But make sure you work them into your skin as thoroughly as you would wash your hands with soap and water. Fill the palm of one hand with hand sanitizer, as you'll need enough to apply a very generous layer to both hands. Spread the hand sanitizer around your palms, top of hands, between fingers, and work it into every crevice or wrinkle, including cuticles, nail beds, and under rings. Don't ignore your wrists and try to cover all areas. Continue to massage the hand sanitizer into your hands for 20 seconds. Pro Tip #2: All medical personnel should have a watch with a second hand, as there are numerous situations where you'll need to record the exact time or use that second hand to keep track of the time – like to see when 20 seconds has passed with the hand sanitizer. On that note, if you suspect that your watch may have become contaminated in the course of helping a patient or cleaning up a scene, you're going to need to put that watch into the bloodborne equivalent of the concussion protocol. This protocol could be different for everyone, based on their own unique work practice controls that are covered under the bloodborne pathogens rule. So, know the specifics for your situation. However, in general, you'll want to remove the watch using proper personal protective equipment and sanitize and disinfect it appropriately. A Word About Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) is equipment that is appropriate for your job duties and should be available to you in your workplace. A PPE includes all specialized clothing, equipment, and supplies that keep you from coming in direct contact with infected materials. These include CPR breathing barriers, disposable gloves, gowns, masks, shields, and protective eyewear. Disposable Latex-Free Gloves Wear disposable, latex-free gloves for all patient contact. There are powder-free gloves available as well as disposable latex-free gloves made of vinyl. Also consider nitrile gloves, as many consider them the preferred option when working with bloodborne pathogens. Eye Protection Safety glasses with side shields are a great way to protect your eyes in certain situations. If there's a risk of splashing or spraying of bodily fluids, use goggles or a full-face shield, as they'll greatly reduce the risk of contamination of the mouth, nose, and eyes. CPR Breathing Barriers CPR breathing barriers include resuscitation masks, shields, and BVMs. CPR breathing barriers help protect you against disease transmission when performing CPR or giving ventilations to a patient. Masks A mask is a personal protective device worn on the face that's designed to cover at least the nose and mouth, and which helps to reduce the risk of inhaling hazardous airborne particles, gases, and vapors. A high-efficiency particulate air mask will filter out at least 95 percent of airborne particles. Remember that masks must be fit-tested to be effective. Gowns In situations where there are large amounts of blood or other possible infectious materials, consider wearing a disposable gown. If your clothing becomes contaminated, remove it and shower as soon as possible. And wash the clothes in a separate load. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3391/handwashing-workplace.jpg Yes 190 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/workplace/video/glove-removal-and-disposal-workplace https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1892.mp4 Glove Removal Your gloves are your first line of defense against bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials when cleaning up and disinfecting a scene. In this lesson, we'll show you the exact procedure of how to properly and safely remove them. You don't want blood and other bodily fluids to touch your skin, but you especially don't if you have cuts, scrapes, abrasions, or other openings in the skin. Even hangnails could pose a problem and provide an opening for a foreign invader to enter. Remember, not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Ideally, you'll have nitrile gloves. As latex allergies are becoming more common, nitrile gloves provide a better option for many people. Pro Tip #1: While putting on your gloves may sound like common sense and something not requiring instruction, there are three important points to note: Gloves will sometimes stick together, and this may make getting them on more difficult than it should be. (Though most gloves now have a coating or powder on them to prevent this.) Which is why you may have seen someone blow a puff of air into the wrist to make squeezing a hand in easier. This is not appropriate when it comes to infectious materials cleanup, even with clean gloves. Also, you don't want to spread any germs you may have onto the clean gloves. Size matters. Gloves come in many sizes. If your employer has only small or medium size gloves and you're a 300-pound man with sausage fingers, good luck. And do you know what happens when you try and squeeze an extra-large hand into a small glove? Well, let's just say it'll look like your hand is wearing a halter top, and your protection will go bye-bye. So, make sure your employer has your glove size in stock. Because one size rarely fits all. Inspect the gloves for defects, like holes, rips, or cuts. Just like our halter top gloves scenario above, if your gloves have any type of hole, you're not getting that protective barrier you need to stay safe, and you could wind up spreading a pathogen rather than containing and cleaning it up. Safety first, always. Remember, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection. When it comes to gloves, they're like having an additional protective layer of skin. How to Remove Contaminated Gloves If you've seen the video lesson that corresponds with this written version, you may have noticed that glove removal is not a normal process for most people and one that may require a bit of practice to perfect. And since perfection equals being disease and infection-free, practicing taking off your contaminated gloves may not be the worst idea. Pro Tip #2: Keep in mind your goal as it pertains to glove removal – keeping the contaminated materials on one side and your skin on the other. The two sides should always remain separate. To this end, the glove removal process is as follows: Pinch the palm side of one glove on the outside near your wrist. (Glove on glove contact only.) Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand. Wad up the dirty glove into the palm of your still-gloved hand. Pro Tip #3: You want to completely wad the glove up into that hand so the other glove can easily pass over your fist and not catch on any of the material from the first glove. However, you don't want to squeeze so hard that infectious material comes oozing out. Carefully slip two fingers under the wrist of the other glove. Avoid touching the outside of the glove. (Skin on skin contact only.) Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand. The other glove is now contained inside. By now, you should be holding the inside lining of one glove with the other glove trapped deep down inside. You can also do this with a bloody gauze pad or contaminated paper towel in one of your gloved hands, as all items will wind up at the bottom of the first glove removed. Warning: When removing your gloves, it's important that you don't snap the glove material, so make sure you have a good grip and work slowly and carefully. Snapping the glove's materials could send pathogens and infectious materials flying – into eyes and other mucous membranes or onto clean surfaces. Toss both gloves into the trash along with other PPE. Ideally, you'll have access to a trash receptacle that you can open using a foot pedal. And make sure the liner is appropriate for handling bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials per your regulations. And finally, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and running water, if available. Otherwise, rub your hands thoroughly with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if they are not visibly soiled and then wash your hands as soon as it is practical. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3389/glove-removal-and-disposal-workplace.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/la-sarna https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3711.mp4 La sarna https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6651/scabies.jpg Yes 360 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/que-es-la-tuberculosis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3712.mp4 ¿Qué es la tuberculosis? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6655/tuberculosis.jpg Yes 496 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/conclusion-del-curso-sobre-patogenos-transmitidos-por-la-sangre https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1880.mp4 Conclusión https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3367/conclusion.jpg Yes 31 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/que-es-la-sifilis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3005.mp4 ¿Qué es la sífilis? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5407/syphilis.jpg Yes 225 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/la-tina https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3710.mp4 La tiña https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6653/ringworm.jpg Yes 415 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/retirado-de-guantes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1877.mp4 Retirado de guantes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3359/glove-removal-tattoo.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/seguridad-de-las-maquinas-de-arte-corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1955.mp4 Seguridad de las máquinas de arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3529/body-art-machine-safety.jpg Yes 127 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/bienvenido-a-los-patogenos-sanguineos-de-california https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1953.mp4 Bienvenido a los patógenos sanguíneos de California para el arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3525/ca-body-art-introduction.jpg Yes 73 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/control-de-infecciones-para-profesionales-del-arte-corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1307.mp4 Control de infecciones para profesionales del arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2347/infection-control-for-body-art.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/como-se-propagan-los-patogenos-de-sangre-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1868.mp4 Cómo se propagan los patógenos de la sangre https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3341/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-tattoo.jpg Yes 309 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/el-procedimiento-correcto-para-lavarse-las-manos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1878.mp4 El procedimiento correcto para lavarse las manos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3361/handwashing.jpg Yes 193 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/limpieza-de-fluidos-corporales-para-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1876.mp4 Limpieza de fluidos corporales para artistas del cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3357/body-fluid-cleanup-tattoo.jpg Yes 460 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/capacitacion-a-patogenos-sanguineos-para-artistas-del-cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1867.mp4 Bienvenido a la capacitación a patógenos sanguíneos para artistas del cuerpo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3339/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 204 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/virus-de-la-hepatitis-b https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1870.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis B https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3345/hepatitis-b-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/vih-y-sida-artistas-corporales https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1869.mp4 VIH y SIDA https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3343/hiv-and-aids-tattoo.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/procedimientos-de-esterilizacion-de-equipos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1881.mp4 Procedimientos de esterilización de equipos para profesionales del arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3363/equipment-sterilization-procedures-for-body-art-professionals.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/incidentes-y-reporte-de-exposicion https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1879.mp4 Incidentes y reporte de exposición https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3365/exposure-incident-and-reporting.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/como-reducir-tus-riesgos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1873.mp4 Cómo reducir tus riesgos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3351/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 176 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/controles-de-ingenieria-administrativos-y-de-practicas-laborales https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1874.mp4 Prácticas de trabajo y controles de ingeniería https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3353/work-practice-and-engineering-controls.jpg Yes 210 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/la-ley-de-seguridad-para-arte-corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1310.mp4 La ley de Seguridad para Arte Corporal - AB300 y AB1168 https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2353/california-ab300-safe-body-art-act.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/residuos-regulados-para-artistas-del-cuerpo-en-California https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2441.mp4 Residuos regulados para artistas del cuerpo en California https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4347/ca-body-art-regulated-waste.jpg Yes 55 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/equipo-de-arte-corporal-y-productos-quimicos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/2917.mp4 Equipo de arte corporal y productos químicos: etiquetado y almacenamiento adecuados https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5227/body-art-storage-chemicals-and-labels.jpg Yes 187 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/regulaciones-de-arte-corporal-del-condado-de-la https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3003.mp4 Regulaciones de arte corporal del condado de L.A. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5403/l.a.-county.jpg Yes 418 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/posibles-problemas-medicos-con-el-arte-corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1308.mp4 Posibles problemas médicos con el arte corporal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2349/medical-issues-with-body-art.jpg Yes 147 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/periodo-de-incubacion-de-la-hepatitis-y-el-vih https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3004.mp4 Período de incubación de la hepatitis y el VIH https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5405/incubation.jpg Yes 197 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/que-es-la-hepatitis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3705.mp4 ¿Qué es la hepatitis? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6641/what-is-hepatitis.jpg Yes 67 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/que-es-el-molusco-contagioso https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3709.mp4 ¿Qué es el molusco contagioso? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6649/molluscum-contagiosum.jpg Yes 391 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/virus-de-la-hepatitis-c https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1871.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis C https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3347/hepatitis-c-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 200 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/enfermedades-y-trastornos-de-la-piel https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1872.mp4 Enfermedades y trastornos de la piel https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3349/skin-diseases-tattoo.jpg Yes 233 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/que-es-el-herpes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3708.mp4 ¿Qué es el herpes? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6647/what-is-herpes.jpg Yes 598 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/california-tattoo/video/que-es-el-impetigo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/3713.mp4 ¿Qué es el impétigo? https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6657/impetigo.jpg Yes 284 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/scabies https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3711.mp4 Scabies In this lesson, we'll be digging into all things scabies related – what it is (the digging into will make more sense then), a common type of scabies, how it's transmitted, the signs and symptoms, how it's diagnosed, and the various ways to prevent and treat scabies. What is Scabies? Scabies is a contagious infestation of the skin by human itch mites, otherwise known as, for you Latin-speaking students, sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. The microscopic scabies mite burrows (or digs) into the upper layer of your skin where it then decides to hunker down, live, and lay some eggs. Scabies infestations are frequently complicated by the presence of bacterial infections, leading to the development of skin sores that can cause more serious conditions such as septicemia, heart disease, and chronic kidney disease. Scabies represents one of the most common dermatological conditions and skin diseases for those living in developing countries. Crusted Norwegian Scabies This severe form of scabies involves the presence of thick crusts of skin that contain large numbers of scabies mites and eggs. It's very contagious and can easily be spread to others by direct skin to skin contact or by contact with items like bedding, clothing, and furniture. And it might not show the usual symptoms – rash and itching. Pro Tip #1: People with crusted scabies should receive quick and aggressive medical treatment to prevent further infestations and outbreaks. You'll recognize it by the crustiness of the skin around the infestations. Crusted scabies can more easily occur in the following groups of people: Those with weakened immune systems The elderly The disabled The debilitated How is Scabies Transmitted? Pro Tip #2: Scabies is usually spread by direct and prolonged skin to skin contact with someone who has been infested. It generally must be prolonged. For this reason, it's spread easily and frequently to sex partners. Scabies can also be spread among household members who aren't sexually active, though less so, by sharing or touching infested items like clothing, bedding, furniture, etc. The incubation period for scabies is between two and six weeks after being infested. It should be noted that a person infested with scabies can spread the condition to others during this time and even when no symptoms are present. The period of communicability lasts until all mites and eggs have been destroyed by treatment, which usually consists of two courses of treatment one week apart. Itching can still persist for two more weeks following the successful eradication of mites and eggs. Signs and Symptoms of Scabies Pro Tip #3: For anyone who has previously had scabies, signs and symptoms can appear much sooner – one to four days after exposure. Common scabies symptoms include: Severe itching, especially at night (earliest and most common symptom) Pimple-like rash is also quite common Scabies can affect much of the body, or it can be limited to common areas, such as: Between fingers Wrists Armpits Penis Nipples Waist Buttocks Shoulder blades How is Scabies Diagnosed? Diagnosis is usually done by appearance – the distribution of a rash and the presence of burrows (where scabies mites make their home in the skin). Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the identification of mites, mite eggs, and mite fecal matter and can be done by carefully removing a mite from the end of its burrow using the tip of a needle, or by scraping the skin. It's then examined under a microscope. It's important to understand that a person can still be infested with scabies even if no mites, eggs, or fecal matter are found. Typically, there are fewer than 10 to 15 mites present on an entire body of an infested person. However, for those with crusted scabies, there can literally be thousands of mites. It should go without saying, that anyone with crusted scabies is highly contagious. Scabies mites can live on a person for as long as one to two months and off a person for usually not longer than 48 to 72 hours. And mites will die if they are exposed to temperatures greater than 50 C and 122 F for at least 10 minutes. Scabies Treatment The main treatment for scabies is scabicide (in lotion or cream). This is the most common medication used to kill scabies mites and some even kill the eggs. It must be applied all over the body, from head to toe. It's only available with a doctor's prescription, and all people in the same household should be treated at the same time to avoid reinfestation. There are over-the-counter lotions and creams used to treat scabies, but these have not been tested or approved. Warning: For infants, ONLY permethrin or a sulfur ointment should be used. Scabies Prevention and Control Scabies is prevented by avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or with the items that an infected person has used, like bedding, clothing, and such. Also, all bedding and clothing worn or used by an infected person three days prior to completing treatment should be machine washed with hot water and a hot dryer cycle, or dry cleaned. Items that cannot be washed or dry cleaned can be disinfested by storing them in closed plastic bags for several days to one week. Scabies mites will not usually survive more than two to three days away from human skin. Institutional outbreaks of scabies can be difficult to control and require swift and aggressive treatment to avoid further spread. Rooms used by people with crusted scabies should be thoroughly cleaned and vacuumed. And environmental disinfestation using pesticides sprays or fogs are usually not necessary and discouraged. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6651/scabies.jpg Yes 360 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/tuberculosis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3712.mp4 Tuberculosis In this lesson, we'll be looking deeper into tuberculosis (TB). We'll examine what the disease is, the two TB-related conditions, who is most at risk, the incidence rate in the U.S., how it's transmitted, and the treatment options and preventative measures people most at risk can take. TB is caused by a bacterium appropriately called mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but it can also attack any part of the body including the kidneys, brain, and spine. TB is one of the world's deadliest diseases (though not in the U.S.), and while very contagious, it's also curable and preventable. TB-Related Conditions There are two TB-related conditions: 1. Latent TB Infection (LTBI) LTBI is present when an infected person has the TB germs in the body but isn't sick due to the germs not being active. There are usually no symptoms of TB disease and that person cannot spread the disease to others. However, that same person could still develop TB disease in the future. Often, treatment is given to prevent the person from developing TB disease. 2. TB Disease TB disease is present when the TB germs are active. In these situations, the germs multiply and destroy tissue in the body. Symptoms are usually present. People with TB disease in the lungs and throat can spread the TB germs to others and are also prescribed treatment, usually drugs. Who is Most at Risk? There are two groups of people most at risk of getting TB. 1. People recently infected with TB bacteria People who have come in close contact with a person infected with the TB bacteria, people who have immigrated from high-rate areas around the world, and children under the age of five who have tested positive for the TB bacteria are most at risk. People with high rates of TB transmission include: Homeless people Injection drug users People who have HIV People working in or living in places where there are high-risk individuals:• Hospitals• Homeless shelters• Correctional facilities• Nursing homes• Residential homes for people with HIV 2. People with medical conditions that weaken the immune system Those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable, and this includes babies and younger children. Others who typically have weakened immune systems include: People who have HIV Substance abusers People with silicosis People with severe kidney disease People with low bodyweight People with diabetes mellitus Organ transplant recipients People with head or neck cancer People on corticosteroids People receiving specialized treatments for rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease Incidence Rates in the U.S. Incidence rates of TB in the U.S. are low. In 2016, there were only a total of 9272 TB cases reported, which represents a decrease of 2.9 percent from 2015. The national incidence rate is 2.9 cases per 100,000 people, which also represents a decrease from 2015 of 3.6 percent. How is TB Transmitted? The TB bacteria is spread by airborne transmission, meaning through the air from one person to another. The bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB in the lungs and throat cough, speak, or sing. People in the vicinity then breathe in that bacteria and become infected. The bacteria settle in the lungs and begin to grow. They can then move through the blood to other parts of the body, namely the kidneys, brain, and spine. Pro Tip #1: It's equally important to know how TB is NOT transmitted: by shaking hands, sharing food and drink, contact with bed linens or toilet seats, using toothbrushes, or kissing. It's passed via airborne transmission only. Signs and Symptoms of TB TB symptoms depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing. Usually, TB grows in the lungs (pulmonary TB) and this can cause: Bad cough lasting three or more weeks Pain in the chest Coughing up blood or phlegm Other more general symptoms can also include: Weakness or fatigue Weight loss Loss of appetite Chills Fever Night sweats TB Testing and Diagnosis There are two kinds of tests to detect the TB bacteria in the body. 1. TB Skin Test The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid called tuberculin into the skin on a person's arm. That person then must return 48 to 72 hours later to have a healthcare provider check for their reaction. The diagnosis depends on the size of the raised, hard area or swelling on the arm that results from the injection. It should be noted that this is the preferred TB test for children under five years of age. 2. TB Blood Test The TB blood test, also called Interferon-gamma release assay or IGRA, is done when a healthcare provider draws blood from a person suspected of having TB and sends it to the lab for analysis and results. Regardless of which test is done, a positive test is a sign that the person tested is infected with the TB bacteria and additional tests must be done to see if it's a latent TB infection or TB disease A negative test is a sign that the person's body did not react to the testing and neither latent TB infection nor TB disease are likely. TB Treatment Options There are 10 drugs currently approved by the FDA for treating TB. In addition, the CDC offers a guide for a basic treatment schedule. TB Prevention Techniques There is a TB vaccine known as the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine. It's used in many countries that have high rates of infection to prevent childhood TB and also meningitis, miliary disease, and it's especially recommended for both children and healthcare workers. Preventative measures also include education, training, and counseling about TB infection and who is most at risk. Testing and evaluating those most at risk is also vital, as is: Coordinating efforts between local and state health departments and high-risk healthcare and congregate settings Ensuring the proper cleaning, sterilization, and disinfection of equipment that may be contaminated Adequate local or general ventilation of working areas Cleaning the air using high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration or ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Using posters and signs to remind people to use proper cough etiquette, like covering the mouth, and respiratory hygiene Pro Tip #2: The period of communicability for TB is from an assigned date of three months prior to symptom onset or positive testing. An individual is considered no longer communicable two weeks after the completion of effective treatment, which would cause a significant reduction in symptoms. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6655/tuberculosis.jpg Yes 496 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/conclusion https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1880.mp4 Conclusion Congratulations! This concludes your bloodborne pathogens training for body art course. We hope you took away a lot of valuable and helpful information that will not only help make you a more professional body art practitioner but can also help stop needless infections from occurring client to client. We hope you enjoyed this training. And now you'll be moving on to the final step of this program and finishing up your certification process. Thank you again for using ProTrainings Bloodborne Pathogens for Body Art course. Go forth and work safely! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3367/conclusion.jpg Yes 31 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/syphilis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3005.mp4 Syphilis In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the syphilis virus, including how people get syphilis, the four stages of syphilis, and the signs and symptoms of the disease. Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore – typically on your genitals, rectum, or mouth – and spreads from person to person via skin or mucous membrane contact with these sores Body art practitioners need to make sure that they are aware of diseases and how to prevent spreading them, especially those that can be present on certain areas of the skin. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has provided the following information on syphilis: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, also known as an STD. Syphilis can have very serious complications when it is not treated. Syphilis is simple to cure with the proper treatment. Warning: when a pregnant woman has syphilis, the infection can be transmitted to her unborn baby depending on how long the woman has been infected. There exists a high risk of stillbirth or giving birth to a baby who dies shortly thereafter. When left untreated, syphilis in pregnant women results in infant death up to 40 percent of the time. Pro Tip #1: A person usually gets syphilis by direct contact with a syphilis sore. The most common mode of transmission is through contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Syphilis sores can often be found on and/or around the penis, vagina, anus, in the rectum, on the lips, and around the mouth. The average time between getting the syphilis virus and the start of the first symptom is usually around 21 days, however this period can range from 10 to 90 days. The Four Stages of Syphilis Syphilis has been divided into four stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. To complicate matters, each stage of syphilis has its own set of signs and symptoms associated with it. Primary Syphilis Stage A person in the primary stage of syphilis generally has one or more sores at or around the original site of the infection. As already mentioned, these sites usually include around the genitals, around the anus, inside the rectum, or in or around the mouth. Syphilis sores are usually, but not always, firm, round, and painless. These sores typically last between three and six weeks and will heal regardless of whether or not the person infected receives treatment. Pro Tip #2: Even after a syphilis sore goes away, treatment is still required. If left untreated, there is nothing stopping the infection from moving to stage two, secondary syphilis. Syphilis can also invade the nervous system during any stage of infection. This can cause neuromuscular and ocular complications such as paralysis and blindness. Secondary Syphilis Stage Symptoms of secondary syphilis include, but are not limited to: Skin rash Swollen lymph nodes Fever The symptoms of primary and secondary syphilis can be mild or maybe not even noticeable at all. However, if it is left untreated, the syphilis infection will then move to the latent stage and possibly even the tertiary stage. The secondary stage of syphilis usually begins with a rash on one or more areas of the body. This rash can show up along with primary sores, while the sores are healing, or even several weeks after the sores have healed. A secondary syphilis rash usually looks like rough, red, or reddish-brown spots on the penis, the hands, and/or the bottom of the feet. A syphilis rash usually isn't itchy and sometimes it can be so faint that the person infected won't even notice. Latent Syphilis Stage The latent stage of the syphilis infection does not come with any visible signs or symptoms of the disease. However, if the person infected does not receive treatment, the infection can continue to harbor the syphilis virus in the body for many more years with no signs or symptoms. Tertiary Syphilis Stage The tertiary stage of the syphilis infection is often associated with severe medical problems that are directly related to it. These more serious problems can affect the heart, the brain, or other vital organs in the body. Tertiary syphilis is extremely serious and occurs somewhere between 10 and 30 years after the person was first infected. This stage of the disease can do great damage to internal organs and even result in death. Most physicians will be able to diagnose a syphilis infection with the help of multiple tests. With the right kind of antibiotic from a health care provider, syphilis can be cured. However, it's important to point out that treatment will probably not undo any of the damage that the syphilis virus has already caused. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5407/syphilis.jpg Yes 225 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/ringworm https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3710.mp4 Ringworm In this lesson, you'll be learning all about ringworm – what it is, who is most at risk, signs and symptoms, along with the customary treatment options and prevention techniques. Ringworm is a common infection of the skin and nails that are caused by a fungus. The infection is called ringworm because it causes an itchy red circular red rash. However, there are also different types of ringworm that have a variety of names based on the location. In fact, there are approximately 40 different species of fungi that can cause ringworm. Areas of the body that can be affected by ringworm include: Feet Hands Fingernails and toenails Groin area – inner thighs, buttocks, etc. Scalp Beard area on face and neck Arms and legs Who is Most at Risk? You have a higher risk of getting ringworm if you: Live in a warm climate Have close contact with an infected person or animal Share clothing, bedding, or towels with an infected person Participate in sports with skin-to-skin contact, such as wrestling Wear tight or restrictive clothing Have a weakened immune system Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by mold-like parasites that live on cells in the outer layer of the skin. And it can be spread in the following ways: Human to human through skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. Animal to human by touching an animal with ringworm, such as petting or grooming dogs and cats. It's also fairly common in cows. Object to human by contact with infected objects, surfaces, etc. Soil to human by contact with infected soil, though this is rare and requires prolonged exposure. The incubation period is between four and 14 days after exposure. Signs and Symptoms of Ringworm Ringworm can affect the skin on almost any area of the body, as well as fingernails and toenails. The symptoms typically depend on the body part affected but generally include: Itchy skin Ring-shaped rash Red, scaly, cracked skin Hair loss There are two different classifications of ringworm lesions – classic and severe. Classic lesions – a raised, scaly ring with a central clearing Severe lesions – scalier in nature, more like a superimposed bacterial infection The symptoms and type of ringworm depend on the location of the body affected. Feet – ringworm on the feet is known as athlete's foot and is known by red, swollen, peeling, itchy skin between the toes, particularly the pinky toe and the toe next to it. The soles and heels can also be affected, and in severe cases, the skin can blister. Scalp – also known as tinea capitis, it appears as scaly, itchy, red, circular bald spots that can grow in size. There can be multiple spots if the infection spreads, and this type is more common in children. Groin – also known as jock itch, it also appears as scaly, itchy, red spots, usually on the inner thighs. Beard – also known as tinea barbae, it also appears as scaly, itchy, red spots on the cheeks, chin, and upper neck. The spots can crust over or be filled with pus. Affected areas may result in hair falling out. Ringworm Diagnosis There are a few ways to diagnose ringworm. By physical exam, including a thorough patient history. This is usually sufficient. By microscopy using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) stain using scrapings from a lesion placed in a drop of KOH and examined under a microscope for the presence of fungal hyphae. It's inexpensive, easy to perform, and highly sensitive. By ultraviolet light, known as a Wood's lamp. This test is not normally useful; however, it is for two uncommon species – microsporum canis and audouinii. By culture, using a fungal culture test to confirm a diagnosis if other tests are inconclusive. This test is more specific that the KOH stain, but it takes up to three weeks for results. The period of communicability – a person can spread ringworm as long as lesions are present, and the presence of a viable fungus persists on contaminated surfaces and materials. Ringworm Treatment Options Treatment depends on the location of the ringworm and the severity. Some forms can be treated using over-the-counter (OTC) medications, while others require a prescription medication, which will be stronger. Ringworm on the skin, such as athlete's foot and jock itch, can usually be treated with OTC antifungal creams and powders, typically applied for two to four weeks. Pro Tip: Ringworm on the scalp often needs to be treated with prescription antifungal medications taken orally. Creams, lotions, and powders will not work for this form of ringworm. Healthcare providers should be contacted if this type of infection gets worse or doesn't go away. Ringworm Prevention Techniques For athletes involved in close-contact sports, they should: Shower immediately after practice or competition Keep all gear and uniforms clean Not share gear and uniforms with others For everyone else who wants to avoid getting ringworm, they should: Keep their skin clean and dry Wear shoes that allow air to circulate around the feet Not walk barefoot in locker rooms and public showers Keep finger and toenails short and clean Change their socks and underwear daily Not share clothing, bedding, and towels with someone who has ringworm Wash their hands with soap and water after touching animals, and if you suspect your animal has ringworm, take it to the vet immediately https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6653/ringworm.jpg Yes 415 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/glove-removal-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1877.mp4 Glove Removal Your gloves are your first line of defense against bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials when cleaning up and disinfecting a scene. In this lesson, we'll show you the exact procedure of how to properly and safely remove them. You don't want blood and other bodily fluids to touch your skin, but you especially don't if you have cuts, scrapes, abrasions, or other openings in the skin. Even hangnails could pose a problem and provide an opening for a foreign invader to enter. Remember, not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Ideally, you'll have nitrile gloves. As latex allergies are becoming more common, nitrile gloves provide a better option for many people. Pro Tip #1: While putting on your gloves may sound like common sense and something not requiring instruction, there are three important points to note: Gloves will sometimes stick together, and this may make getting them on more difficult than it should be. (Though most gloves now have a coating or powder on them to prevent this.) Which is why you may have seen someone blow a puff of air into the wrist to make squeezing a hand in easier. This is not appropriate when it comes to infectious materials cleanup, even with clean gloves. Also, you don't want to spread any germs you may have onto the clean gloves. Size matters. Gloves come in many sizes. If your employer has only small or medium size gloves and you're a 300-pound man with sausage fingers, good luck. And do you know what happens when you try and squeeze an extra-large hand into a small glove? Well, let's just say it'll look like your hand is wearing a halter top, and your protection will go bye-bye. So, make sure your employer has your glove size in stock. Because one size rarely fits all. Inspect the gloves for defects, like holes, rips, or cuts. Just like our halter top gloves scenario above, if your gloves have any type of hole, you're not getting that protective barrier you need to stay safe, and you could wind up spreading a pathogen rather than containing and cleaning it up. Safety first, always. Remember, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection. When it comes to gloves, they're like having an additional protective layer of skin. How to Remove Contaminated Gloves If you've seen the video lesson that corresponds with this written version, you may have noticed that glove removal is not a normal process for most people and one that may require a bit of practice to perfect. And since perfection equals being disease and infection-free, practicing taking off your contaminated gloves may not be the worst idea. Pro Tip #2: Keep in mind your goal as it pertains to glove removal – keeping the contaminated materials on one side and your skin on the other. The two sides should always remain separate. To this end, the glove removal process is as follows: 1. Pinch the palm side of one glove on the outside near your wrist. (Glove on glove contact only.)2. Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand.3. Wad up the dirty glove into the palm of your still-gloved hand. Pro Tip #3: You want to completely wad the glove up into that hand so the other glove can easily pass over your fist and not catch on any of the material from the first glove. However, you don't want to squeeze so hard that infectious material comes oozing out. 4. Carefully slip two fingers under the wrist of the other glove. Avoid touching the outside of the glove. (Skin on skin contact only.) 5. Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand. The other glove is now contained inside. By now, you should be holding the inside lining of one glove with the other glove trapped deep down inside. You can also do this with a bloody gauze pad or contaminated paper towel in one of your gloved hands, as all items will wind up at the bottom of the first glove removed. Warning: When removing your gloves, it's important that you don't snap the glove material, so make sure you have a good grip and work slowly and carefully. Snapping the glove's materials could send pathogens and infectious materials flying – into eyes and other mucous membranes or onto clean surfaces. 6. Toss both gloves into the trash along with other PPE. Ideally, you'll have access to a trash receptacle that you can open using a foot pedal. And make sure the liner is appropriate for handling bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials per your regulations. 7. And finally, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and running water, if available. Otherwise, rub your hands thoroughly with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if they are not visibly soiled and then wash your hands as soon as it is practical. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3359/glove-removal-tattoo.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/body-art-machine-safety https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1955.mp4 Body Art Machine Safety In this lesson, we'll be taking a look at body art machine safety, and what exactly that means for you, the body art professional. The gist of this lesson is this: parts must be replaceable or able to be sterilized in order to be considered safe for both you and your clients. Now let's get to those details. Safe Machines vs. Unsafe Machines As you probably know, there are a variety of tools used for body art procedures. Many of these tools have the potential to give your clients a life-threatening infection if not properly cleaned or if not properly functioning. Pro Tip #1: Your main responsibility is to ensure all of the tools you are using are safe. Traditional tattooing coil machines have the potential for cross-contamination between clients. Therefore, the machine must be decontaminated and all removable parts of the machine must be changed between each and every client. And what happens if you fail to do this? If you fail to change removable parts and decontaminate the machine, this can lead to cross-contamination. As you also probably know, there are many different tattooing machines that are used for body art procedures. Some of these machines are safe, and some of these machines are not. Part of your job is figuring out which is which. If a tattooing machine has replaceable parts and can be taken apart down to a sealed motor, this is a type of machine that is likely going to be safe to use. It's important that all of the parts of the machine all the way back to the motor are replaced with sterile parts for each and every client. Also, the motor housing must be disinfected between each client. Warning: If a machine cannot be taken apart, this is a good indication to you that it is unsafe and should not be used. Any hand tools that you use for body art procedures must be designed as a completely disposable tool. Alternatively, these tools can be designed to be used with single-use needle groups. One or the other; the choice is yours. Dangerous Practices that are Major Violations There are a few dangerous practices that are considered major violations of the California Body Art Act and these include: Using a machine that allows pigment back up into the motor Failing to replace all machine parts back to the motor between each client Failing to decontaminate the machine between each client Failing to change needles, needle tubes, rubber bands, and grommets Using unsafe tools that cannot be easily cleaned and/or sterilized Reusing needles Pro Tip #2: Remember, only steam autoclaves are allowed for sterilizing reusable equipment. Items like a tattoo machine itself and any power cords that cannot withstand being sterilized in a steam autoclave must be washed and disinfected with an appropriate disinfectant between each client. In addition, any items that cannot be properly sterilized must be bagged or blocked using a barrier when in use. Practicing safe body art procedures keeps everyone safe, and this includes being safe from the law. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3529/body-art-machine-safety.jpg Yes 127 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/ca-body-art-introduction https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1953.mp4 California Body Art Introduction Welcome to your California-compliant bloodborne pathogen for body art course. In a subsequent lesson, we'll get into the specifics of the entire course including everything you can expect to learn, as well as some helpful tips and a few requirements. However, in this short lesson, we'd just like to welcome you to your ProTrainings California Body Art course. While licensed paramedic Roy Shaw will be leading you in the video series, these accompanying written lessons will help reinforce what Roy teaches you. Plus, occasionally you'll find some important supplemental information as well. In this course, you'll learn all the specific laws that are in place in California specifically; laws that are in place to help protect you the body art professional as well as the clients you serve. The California Safe Body Art Act requires that all body art professionals complete a two-hour* bloodborne pathogens training course, which includes watching all the videos in this series, before taking and passing your final exam. This course should help you become as compliant as possible with proper body art infection control techniques so you can continue to practice your skills in a safe and effective manner. If you have any questions during your course, please reach out to our customer solutions team at any point, whether you have questions about the videos or the course in general. We are always here to serve you. Now let's get started!   *This course is designed to take 2-3 hours to complete. The course includes training in the CA AB300 / AB1168 law and meets the training requirements for California Body Art Professionals. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3525/ca-body-art-introduction.jpg Yes 73 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/infection-control-for-body-art https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1307.mp4 Infection Control for Body Artists In this lesson, we'll be covering infection control procedures and techniques for body artists. You'll learn how bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are spread as well as a number of aseptic techniques to protect yourself and your clients. Tattoo artists and body piercers must be fully aware of all potential dangers of their work procedures and how to prevent infection. They also must follow health and safety practices and cleaning techniques to protect themselves, as well as their clients, from bloodborne pathogens and communicable diseases that include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. As most of you are well aware, tattoos are done by injecting ink into the dermis – the inner layer of skin – with a needle attached to a handheld tool where the needle vibrates up and down at a rate of several hundred times per minute. Infections can be spread through unsterilized equipment, contaminated ink, the mishandling of needles, and the improper cleaning of surfaces and clients' skin prior to all procedures. And bacteria, viruses, and fungi can all be present on the skin of the person receiving the tattoo or piercing. Warning: Infections can spread quickly and easily. A tattoo or piercing needle that comes in contact with skin where germs are located can contaminate the needle or ink and then become the source of infection. Adopt Aseptic Techniques to Control Infection It's so important for body art professionals to use aseptic techniques for tattoos and body art procedures. Aseptic techniques are used to prevent cross contamination, or in other words, prevent the transmission of germs from one person to another or from one surface to another. Pro Tip #1: Germs are not visible to the naked eye, which probably isn't a shock to you. But it's important to mention this because visible blood or body fluids on surfaces or instruments is not necessary for an infection to be transmitted. When working with clients, all surfaces and used equipment should be considered contaminated and thoroughly cleaned. (Or what we call – better safe than sorry.) The goal of using aseptic techniques is to protect both the body art professional and the client. Aseptic techniques include the following principles: Body art professionals should cover his or her own skin if there are wounds, infections, dermatitis, etc. All clothing must be clean. Never let used equipment come in contact with clean or sterilized equipment. Maintain cleanliness of all supplies by storing them in a sanitary manner that protects all items from contamination. Make sure disinfectants are properly stored and chemicals are properly labeled. Use barriers to protect yourself, like single use gloves and gowns. Use proper hand hygiene. When wearing gloves that may have body fluids on them, don't touch any other items. Remove contaminated gloves before doing anything with sterile items. Before giving tattoos or piercings, properly clean and prepare clients' skin with antiseptic. Use ink from single use containers and only use on one client. However, ink stored in bulk containers can be transferred to single use containers. Dispose of single use containers after each person and each use. Never mix ink with tap water; only use distilled or sterile water. Use disposable single use needles and follow safe injection practices. Immediately dispose of contaminated needles, dressings, gloves, and other disposable items. Maintain a clean environment by using proper disinfectant and disinfect all chairs and work surfaces between each client. Clean and sterilize all reusable tools and equipment. Place all needles and other sharps that have come in contact with skin or body fluids into puncture resistant containers, known as sharps containers. Pro Tip #2: If you are using a sterilization machine, like an autoclave, make sure it's regularly tested and serviced. Pro Tip #3: Normally, you'll find a line at the top of sharps containers that will indicate that they are full.  However, sharps containers need to be emptied when they are 2/3 to 3/4 of the way full.  Be sure to make sure they are labeled and disposed of properly.  It's important to note that these are merely general guidelines to help protect you and your clients. Each workplace should have a written exposure control plan that outlines the proper procedures that are specific to your facility in regard to the proper disposal of regulated waste. The use of engineering controls, work practice controls, and all personal protective equipment should be customized to your own individual workplace. Pro Tip #4: In California it is not required to have red biohazard waste bags. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2347/infection-control-for-body-art.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1868.mp4 How Bloodborne Pathogens are Spread In this lesson, we'll take a look at how one gets ill from a bloodborne pathogen or infectious disease. But first, how about a couple of definitions? Bloodborne Pathogen – A bloodborne pathogen is a microorganism that's present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. Infectious Disease – An infectious disease is a disease (also caused by microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.) that enters the body through various biological routes. It's important to note that not all bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are created equally, as some can produce mild symptoms, while others can be life-threatening. The Chain of Infection For any disease to spread, several conditions must be present. This is known as the chain of infection. And if you recall from the last lesson, those conditions are as follows: There must be an adequate number of pathogens or disease-causing organisms in the environment. There needs to be a reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and even multiply, such as blood. There must be a mode of transmission from source to host. There must be an entrance through which the pathogen enters the host. The host must be susceptible to that pathogen, as opposed to being immune to it. Pro Tip #1: Infection control strategies help prevent disease transmission by interrupting one or more links in the chain of infection. Sources of Bloodborne Pathogens The primary source of potential bloodborne pathogens is blood and specific bodily fluids, like semen and vaginal secretions. However, there are other bodily fluids that may contain bloodborne pathogens, especially if they are visibly contaminated with blood. Those sources include: Cerebrospinal fluid in the brain Synovial fluid in the joints Pleural fluid in the lungs Amniotic fluid in and around the uterus Pericardial fluid around the heart Peritoneal fluid in the abdomen Urine, feces, saliva, and a few other fluids don't typically carry bloodborne pathogens, however … Pro Tip #2: Because it's so difficult to identify contaminated body fluids or know for sure if those fluids are contaminated with blood, it's important to treat ALL bodily fluids as potential threats that could include bloodborne pathogens. How Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM Get into the Body There are four basic modes of transmission: Direct Contact – Direct contact transmission occurs when microorganisms are transferred from an infected person to another person. An example would be a tattoo artist with an open, uncovered cut or wound, in which blood from a client/source comes in contact with that wound. Parenteral Exposure – Parenteral exposure is when infected blood and/or bodily fluids are introduced into the body through piercing or puncturing the skin. An example would be getting stuck with a contaminated needle or being cut with a sharp object that's been contaminated. Indirect Contact – Indirect contact is when a contaminated object (tools, needles, etc.) contacts a person's skin or mucous membranes, like those found in the eyes, mouth, nose, and ears. Which is why it's so important to decontaminate any objects that have blood on them. Airborne Transmission – Airborne transmission occurs when droplets or small particles that contain an infectious agent remain active in the air and are then inhaled into the body. An example of this would be tuberculosis. While airborne transmission is possible, most cases of bloodborne pathogen infections do not fall into this category. Some Risks are Higher than Others While it's important to consider all blood and bodily fluids potential threats, there are some methods of transmission that are more common than others. Highest Potential Risks The most common ways bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread are: Getting stuck with an infected needle Sexual contact Other than sexual contact, the highest potential risks are when a contaminated, sharp object punctures or cuts the skin, such as with an infected needle, a broken piece of contaminated glass, or getting cut by a razor that was also used by an infected person. Pro Tip #3: Fans of the TV show Live PD will be familiar with police protocol before searching a person – a protocol that includes asking if that person has any sharp objects or needles that could poke, stab, or cut them. If you weren't sure why police officers do this, now you know. Medium Potential Risks Medium risks involve situations where blood and bodily fluids get into an open cut or are absorbed through a mucous membrane – eyes, nose, ears, mouth, etc. Like our tattoo artist example from above. Lowest Potential Risks The lowest potential risks include situations where contaminated objects come in contact with inflamed skin, acne, skin abrasions, etc. Which brings up a good point. Pro Tip #4: Knowing how bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread is important to be sure. But so is knowing what prevents those microorganisms from spreading. And the number one line of defense is intact skin. In fact, the CDC (Center for Disease Control) has stated that there is no known risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases through intact skin. Which means casual contact – like handshaking, hugging, touching doorknobs, etc. – are not considered threats in normal situations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3341/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-tattoo.jpg Yes 309 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/handwashing https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1878.mp4 Handwashing Handwashing is the single most important infection control technique. And while you may think you already know how to wash your hands properly, the techniques you'll learn in this lesson will be much better suited to keeping you safe in your workplace. When exactly should you wash your hands? You should disinfect or wash your hands whenever they are visibly dirty or contaminated. You should also wash your hands: Before any contact with clients or patients Before putting on gloves Before performing any procedures After taking gloves off After using the bathroom After touching garbage After contact with clients or patients and especially after contact with:• Non-intact skin• Bodily fluids• Excretions• Wound dressings• Contaminated items How should you practice proper handwashing? Pro Tip #1: When it comes to properly disinfecting your hands, new and improved doesn't exist. Washing your hands with soap and water is still the best way to reduce the number of germs in most situations. But what if you don't have access to a sink, hot water, and soap? In these situations, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, but make sure it contains at least 60 percent alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are a great second option and can quickly reduce the number of microbes on your hands in many situations. Warning: While alcohol-based sanitizers are a great option in the absence of a nearby sink, hot water, and soap, they will not eliminate all types of germs. So, if it's just a matter of a slight inconvenience, washing your hands with soap and water is worth that inconvenience. How should you properly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer? The technique is quite simple and there are just three important points to keep in mind: You need enough hand sanitizer to fill the palm of one hand. Spread the sanitizer everywhere on your hands – between your fingers, in every crevice and wrinkle, under any rings you have on, into your cuticles, under nail beds, around your wrists, and so forth. Work the sanitizer into your hands for a minimum of 20 seconds or until your hands are dry. Pro Tip #2: Make sure to follow your own policies and procedures as outlined by your individual employer or your industry, as indications can be different for when the use of alcohol-based sanitizers are deemed appropriate. What if you're wearing a lot of jewelry or a watch that you suspect has been contaminated? In certain cases, or with certain individuals, removing jewelry and a watch will be required before cleaning and disinfecting your hands. If this is the case, make sure you remove these items using personal protective equipment and store them together someplace safe – more as it relates to the spread of infection, not as it relates to the items themselves. After cleaning your hands, you can return to those items and sanitize them as necessary, following the engineering controls and work practices covered under OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Rule. How should you properly wash your hands using soap and water? Again, the technique is quite simple. It's just a matter of following the proper guidelines: 1. Use a disposable paper towel to turn the faucet on.2. Thoroughly wet your hands with water. Pro Tip #3: If you're concerned about wasting water when using a sink with manual faucet controls, you can always ask a coworker to help turn the faucet on and off for you. 3. Apply a good amount of soap.4. Rub the soap into your hands for at least 20 seconds, just as you did with the alcohol-based hand sanitizer, covering all areas including the backs of your hands, under fingernails, between fingers, and so forth.5. Rinse your hands off under running water.6. Dry your hands using disposable paper towels.7. Use that disposable towel to turn the faucet off and discard the towel when done. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3361/handwashing.jpg Yes 193 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/body-fluid-cleanup-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1876.mp4 Body Fluid Cleanup In this lesson, you'll learn how to clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces, whether floors, tables, or equipment, along with some safety issues pertaining to cleanup. But first, let's begin by a better understanding of what an appropriate disinfectant is. Appropriate Disinfectants Cleaning up after every procedure is required to ensure that employees are not exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials that remain on surfaces and equipment from previous procedures. Appropriate disinfectants include: Bleach solution EPA registered tuberculocidal EPA registered sterilants Products registered as effective against HIV and HBV A thorough list of these products can be found at www.epa.gov. These products can be used to comply with California section 5193 provided that the surfaces on which they are used have not become contaminated with agents or volumes or concentrations for which higher levels of disinfectant are required. Disinfectants should always be used according to the manufacturer's label instructions including: The concentration The volume The contact time Personal Protective Equipment Before disinfecting any contaminated areas or surfaces, first ask yourself if you have the proper PPE – personal protective equipment – to complete the job safely. PPE you may need includes: Gloves, always Face shield and/or eye protection An apron or gown In most cases, these three items will be enough, and in many instances, gloves alone will suffice. When should you use a disposable apron or gown? Whenever there's a reasonable chance you could get bloodborne pathogens or other potentially infectious materials on your clothing. The biggest problem involved with getting pathogens on clothing is cross-contamination, and we'll get into this more in a minute. When should you use a face or eye shield? Whenever there's a reasonable chance of spraying or splashing. If you're cleaning dried blood off a counter, you probably don't need to go that extra mile. But what if you were disinfecting a piece of machinery with many parts at or around eye level? Mostly it just comes down to common sense. Having the proper cleanup equipment and personal protective equipment is the first step in any cleanup project. Make sure you have everything you need for the task at hand. And always err on the side of caution. Pro Tip #1: Not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Also, one pair of gloves isn't going to cut it. In order to keep from re-contaminating the scene, or even contaminating another scene, you'll change your gloves a few times in the course of one cleanup job. Which brings up a good point … Warning: Pay attention to what you're touching with your contaminated gloves. It should go without saying to avoid touching any part of yourself, but also be sure not to touch clean surfaces or equipment that hasn't been contaminated. But if you do, it's not the end of the world; just remember to disinfect those as well. Cleaning Supplies Matter There are only two essential supplies you need: paper towels and bleach. Don't use toilet paper or napkins or even low-quality paper towels. The paper towels you use should be commercial grade and able to withstand the task at hand without falling apart. Bleach is super cheap and super effective, so there's no point in substituting. However, if you are going to substitute, make sure the cleaner or disinfectant you're using is up for the job. As in specifically manufactured to kill microorganisms and protect against all viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens and infectious materials. Body Fluid Cleanup Procedure The first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe. If there are any sharp objects, like broken glass or needles, remove those using tongs (or another safe method) and put all sharps into a contaminated sharps disposal container so you can disinfect them or dispose of them properly later. For the purpose of instruction, let's assume you're cleaning off a table with a modest amount of dried blood. There is no chance of spraying or splashing, and unless you're really reckless, you shouldn't have to worry about contaminating your clothing. Put on your 1st pair of medical grade gloves and remove any sharp objects. Wipe up as much of the dried blood as you can using a paper towel. Be sure to keep the blood isolated to the table or the paper towels. If you get some on the floor, be sure to disinfect it as well. Remove your 1st pair of gloves as shown in the video – using glove on glove for the first, and bare finger against your wrist for the second. Throw away both gloves. Put on your 2nd pair of medical grade gloves. Mix your bleach solution in a spray bottle and liberally spray the solution on the table where the dried blood was located. Wipe down with paper towels and make sure all the blood is visibly gone. Remove your 2nd pair of gloves using the same protective method as before. Put on your 3rd pair of gloves. (Yes, this is a bit of a pain. But if you don't do it this way, there's no point in cleaning up, as the risk of infection will likely still remain thanks to dirty gloves.) Lightly mist the surface of the table with your bleach solution and allow it to evaporate. The time it takes for the liquid solution to evaporate equals the time it takes to completely kill any pathogens remaining. Pro Tip #2: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends a bleach solution of one part bleach to nine parts water. This solution should be strong enough to kill any bloodborne pathogens and infectious materials you may encounter. Pro Tip #3: In general, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection, whether the barrier is a piece of protective clothing or a safe container to dispose of infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3357/body-fluid-cleanup-tattoo.jpg Yes 460 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1867.mp4 Intro to Bloodborne Pathogens Welcome to ProTraining's Bloodborne for Body Art training course. In this lesson, we'll give you a run-down of what you can expect from your course, what's included in the course, and the OSHA requirements that this course meets and maybe even exceeds. Pretend for a second that you're a body artist (should be easy) who regularly comes into contact with client's blood and bodily fluids on occasion and answer the following questions: Do you know how to protect yourself from bloodborne diseases? Do you know what potential diseases you may face if you come into contact with someone's blood or bodily fluids? Would you know what to do if a client started bleeding and blood got on the floor, surfaces, and tools and equipment? Well, not to worry. The goal of this ProBloodborne for Body Art training course is to help you answer these questions with a resounding, yes. We'll provide you with all the knowledge and skills necessary to prevent you from getting a disease from a bloodborne pathogen. Will ProBloodborne for Body Art Meet OSHA's Requirements? This ProBloodborne for Body Art training course is intended for body artists who need OSHA compliant bloodborne pathogens and infection control training. It follows the requirements of OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) that requires the following: Training must be given at the time of initial assignment to tasks where occupational exposure may take place. Annual training for all employees shall be provided within one year of their previous training. Employers shall provide additional training when changes such as the modification of procedures or tasks or the institution of new tasks or procedures affect the employee's occupational exposure. This additional training may be limited to addressing the new exposures created. Pro Tip #1: As a body artist, you can face exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases when you perform tattoos, piercings, and the like. Keep in mind as you progress through this course the importance of what you're learning. All it takes is one misstep or poor decision to impact your life in profound and negative ways. So, while OSHA is requiring you to be here, it's also in your best interest to get as much from this course as you can. (As you move through this course's written content, you'll be greeted with periodic Pro Tips and Warnings. Just like the Dummies series of books you're likely familiar with, these sections are of particular importance and should be given special consideration.) What is Included in the ProBloodborne for Body Art Course? This course includes the following bloodborne pathogens and infection control training: Basic terms related to bloodborne pathogens How bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are spread Infection control for body artists Medical issues with tattoo and piercings Sterilization procedures for body art professionals The Safe Body Art Act AB300 HIV and AIDS Hepatitis B Hepatitis C How you can reduce your risks of exposure Engineering controls Work practices to protect yourself Personal protective equipment Skin diseases Exposure control plans Proper cleanup and decontamination procedures Hazardous waste disposal Procedures to follow if an exposure incident occurs This course is intended to be no less than two hours of valuable training related to bloodborne pathogens and infection control, especially related to the body art profession. In other words, we created this course specifically for you! The entire course consists of lecture videos, written course lessons, as well as opportunities for you to ask questions if they arise via chat, email, or phone. Simply connect with the instructor if you ever have questions. Pro Tip #2: As we learn better by doing, it's important to practice the skills you'll be learning in this course, such as putting on clean gloves, removing contaminated gloves, cleaning contaminated surfaces, tools, and equipment, and even practicing how to wash your hands appropriately. Some of it may seem silly – like washing your hands – but we assure you it's not! At the conclusion of your lecture series, you'll move on to taking your written test. Passing the test will verify that you have retained the valuable information required to be certified for your annual bloodborne pathogens training, specifically for body artists. It is also a great idea to give yourself some hands-on practice before before working with BBP. We also would like to encourage you to opt in to our reminder emails – weekly emails that provide additional training videos just a couple minutes long that will cover a new topic on bloodborne pathogens and infection control. The emails arrive weekly until it's time to renew the following year. To conclude your introductory course lesson, we want to thank you for coming to ProTrainings for your bloodborne pathogens training program. Now, let's get started! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3339/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 204 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/hepatitis-b-virus-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1870.mp4 Hepatitis B Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis B virus, also known as HBV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis B infection in the U.S. When a person is first infected with the Hepatitis B virus, it begins as an acute infection (meaning short in duration) and can range from very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. The Hepatitis B virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This in turn can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. An acute infection is defined by duration – the first six months after the person is exposed to the virus. Some people's bodies can fight the infection and rid it from their systems. While others become chronically infected (meaning long-term). Pro Tip #1: What does a chronic infection mean in practical terms? It means the virus remains in the blood, affects and damages liver cells over time, which causes illnesses like cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer, and eventually death. The good news – Around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. The other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B fall into that chronic category outlined above. Warning: Hepatitis B is particularly devastating for infants and young children, as the majority will be at a much greater risk of developing a chronic infection. In most kids, Hepatitis B is a silent killer, and left unchecked will slowly destroy the liver over a period of 20 years or more. How Hepatitis B is Contracted and Spread Hepatitis B is contracted in the same ways as HIV. It's mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, or as a result of sharing needles or syringes with an infected person. And, like HIV, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby, especially if the infant came into contact with blood or other bodily fluids through breaks in the skin like cuts or sores. Pro Tip #2: Do not expect a person with chronic Hepatitis B to look or appear sick. The virus cares little about appearances and will spread regardless. Hepatitis B Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that up to 1.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis B infection 38,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis B virus 3000 people each year die from liver disease caused by Hepatitis B The number of infections has significantly decreased since 1990, thanks to routine Hepatitis B vaccinations Hepatitis B Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and AIDS, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis B are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for both is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis B symptoms include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Pro Tip #3: The Hepatitis B virus is up to 100 times easier to catch than HIV. There are several reasons for this including the virus' size, as it's much smaller than HIV, and the fact that the Hepatitis B virus can live outside the body for at least seven days, depending on specific conditions. Also, like HIV, Hepatitis B cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. Hepatitis B Vaccine This is where the Hepatitis B and HIV similarities end, as there is an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B that is administered in three doses over a six-month period. The vaccine is safe, as it's made from non-infectious materials and cannot cause one to become infected with the Hepatitis B virus. Also, severe problems or allergic reactions are rare. The Hepatitis B vaccine is around 80 – 95 percent effective in providing protection against the virus, but only in situations where all three doses of the vaccine are administered. Pro Tip #4: It's probably a good idea to not assume the vaccine worked. It's easy enough to confirm your newly developed immunity to the Hepatitis B virus but wait at least one to two months after completing the vaccine series before getting tested. *It should be noted, that at this time, booster doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine are not recommended. Consider Getting the Hepatitis Vaccine if … There are some people who are more likely to be occupationally exposed to the Hepatitis B virus than others, and that includes: Tattoo artists, or anyone who performs body piercings or body art People who administer first aid routinely Professionals who provide medical care Employees responsible for assisting in bathroom care People who work in medical and/or dental offices People who handle medical waste Employees who perform custodial duties that involve the cleaning of decontaminated surfaces – blood and other possibly infectious materials Anyone whose job will, or might, expose them to the Hepatitis B virus must be offered the vaccine for free through their employer. Employees who do not want the vaccine will need to complete a vaccine declination form. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3345/hepatitis-b-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/hiv-and-aids-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1869.mp4 HIV and AIDS HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It attacks the body and harms the immune system by destroying the white blood cells that fight infection. Which in turn diminishes the body's ability to protect itself against disease. If left untreated, HIV will eventually progress into AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In this lesson, we'll take a look at transmission rates, symptoms (though very problematic and unreliable), and how you can better protect yourself from infection. Pro Tip #1: On average, it takes 10 years for the HIV virus to progress into AIDS. However, this average varies greatly person to person, and is affected by a number of factors like health status, behavioral characteristics, medications taken, etc. Since 1996, with the introduction of powerful retroviral therapies, the natural progression of HIV to AIDS has been slowed. AIDS Statistics in the U.S. There are around 1.1 million people living with HIV in the United States. What is perhaps even more troubling is that around 18 percent aren't even aware they have been infected, as they haven't been tested and symptoms don't exist or aren't noticeable. Around 50,000 people become infected with HIV each year and approximately 15,000 each year die from AIDS. HIV Infection Rates by Category According to CDC From highest to lowest, these are the ways in which people are infected with HIV each year in the U.S. Category 2011 2018 Male to male sexual contact 62% 66% Heterosexual contact (females) 18% 16% Heterosexual contact (males) 10% 8% Injection drug use (male) 5% 4% Injection drug use (female) 3% 3% Male to male sexual contact and IDU 3% 4% Other 1% 1% Other includes babies who are born from infected mothers, blood transfusions, and needle sticks, among other less common reasons. Of the babies that contract HIV, this can occur before birth, during birth, or during breastfeeding. Pro Tip #2: Out of the estimated 50,000 people per year infected with HIV, less than one percent is due to a work-related incident. What does this mean for you? Of all the ways people contract HIV, very few will become infected in the workplace, even in professions (like yours) where the risk is higher. Warning: Don't let that lull you into a false sense of security. Part of the reason that number is so low is because proper infection control policies are routinely put in place for many professions who are around bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. Follow your policies and procedures, and your chances will likely go well below that one percent. HIV Signs and Symptoms If left unchecked, HIV is a deadly virus that eventually will spread to AIDS. But how do you know if you've been infected with HIV? Get tested! That's the only sure way to know. However, sometimes there are signs. (Often there are no symptoms, which is why it's a good idea to get tested if there's any question or doubt.) Symptoms, when present, can include: Fever Fatigue Night sweats Weight loss Rash Dry cough Pro Tip #3: The HIV virus is actually quite fragile (outside the body) and will die within seconds after being exposed to air. Inside the body, the amount of the virus present in body fluid and the physiological condition of the host will determine how long the virus lives. It's important to note – There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. Some Important HIV/AIDS Takeaways How HIV is spread is important, as this happens mostly through unprotected sex and from sharing needles or syringes. Only a very small fraction of one percent of people are infected while providing medical care, and most of these are due to sticks from dirty needles. While this may seem obvious to many, particularly medical professionals, HIV (like other bloodborne pathogens and OPIM) cannot be spread by casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, doorknobs, toilet seats, etc. Pro Tip #4: Remember, symptoms are not reliable and may not be present for many years, which means numerous people infected with HIV will never know they have it until those symptoms appear or … through proper testing. A Word About Pathogens and the Diseases and Conditions They Cause Let's take a quick look at the variety of pathogens that exist and the conditions and diseases they cause. Viruses Hepatitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox, meningitis, rubella, influenza, warts, colds, herpes, HIV (which causes AIDS), genital warts, smallpox, avian flu, Ebola, and Zika. Bacteria Tetanus, meningitis, scarlet fever, strep throat, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, toxic shock syndrome, Legionnaires' disease, diphtheria, food poisoning, Lyme disease, and anthrax. Fungi Athlete's foot, ringworm, and histoplasmosis. Protozoa Malaria, dysentery, Cyclospora, and giardiasis. Rickettsia Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Parasitic Worms Abdominal pain, anemia, lymphatic vessel blockage, lowered antibody response, and respiratory and circulatory complications. Prions Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Yeasts Candidiasis (also known as thrush). https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3343/hiv-and-aids-tattoo.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/equipment-sterilization-procedures-for-body-art-professionals https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1881.mp4 Equipment Sterilization Procedures for Body Art Professionals In this lesson, you'll learn how to clean and sterilize your body art tools and instruments, from the all-important step of removing them from procedural areas to the final steps of sterilization and packaging. Pro Tip #1: In addition to following basic infection control principles, all reusable equipment must be properly sterilized.  It's important that you take this process seriously and follow all local requirements for the activities presented in this lesson.  They are designed to help prevent infection and provide safe and quality service. Cleaning and Sterilization Steps The following steps should help you with the cleaning and sterilization of contaminated instruments in your body art studio. 1. Use Proper Decontamination Areas Do not clean contaminated equipment where you use it; it must be taken to a specially designated decontamination area. This area must have a sink with cold and hot running water to properly clean and disinfect the equipment. 2. Wear Your PPE It's important to protect yourself when cleaning and decontaminating equipment, which means wearing your personal protective equipment. Pro Tip #2: Keep in mind that it's far easier to prevent an exposure incident than it is to recover from an accidental biological or chemical exposure. 3. Presoak Instruments But not overnight. Soaking them too long can result in the equipment developing corrosions and biofilms which will make cleanup harder than it should be. Keep equipment and instruments in a holding solution for a short time period. This will make cleanup and decontamination easier as well.  4. Clean Instruments There are two general approaches here – ultrasonic cleaning and handwashing. This is the first step before using an autoclave. a. Ultrasonic Cleaning Do not mistake this for sterilization, because it's not. Instead, it uses ultrasonic waves and an appropriate cleaning solvent. Make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions on your machine. It's also important to disassemble all grips, tubes, and tips after cleaning to allow for better sterilization. b. Handwashing Instruments should be submerged while scrubbing them to reduce splattering and the chance of cross-contamination. After washing, rinse thoroughly and allow all instruments to air dry before sterilization. 5. Packaging for Autoclave All equipment should be packaged in special set up packs with color change indicators or packaged individually in peel packs with color change indicators. Keep hinged instruments in the open position. Be sure that all packages are dated and initialed by the preparer. Pro Tip #3: If a sterilized package accidentally opens, gets punctured, or gets wet, you have to resterilize and repackage. 6. Sterilize with the Autoclave Anyone using an autoclave needs to be trained on how to use an autoclave. There are no training wheels! Sterilization requires varying degrees of time depending on: The load How items are arranged The packaging of materials Temperature Type of sterilizing agent Make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions on your autoclave. Proper sterilization also means monitoring the autoclave and keeping sterilization logs for at least three years. Monitoring includes things like monthly spore testing, and checking or recording the following: Time Temperature Pressure Color indicators on each package Integrator in each load At the minimum, a class five integrator must be used in each load. Sterilization logs should include the following: Run date Load number Initials of person running the load Start time End time Temperature Pressure Actions take if there's a sterilization failure Remember: Sterilization logs should be kept for 3 years Once sterilization is complete, it's important to properly store all equipment and instruments. This means storing items in a dry and clean cabinet or a tightly covered container reserved for storing sterilized equipment. Also important – all sterilized instruments need to remain in their sterile packaging until opened, and a good time to do that is in front of the client, so he or she can see your commitment to their safety and will tell every friend they've ever had to go see you for all future body art needs. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3363/equipment-sterilization-procedures-for-body-art-professionals.jpg Yes 257 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/exposure-incident-and-reporting https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1879.mp4 Exposure Incident and Reporting Being exposed to a bloodborne pathogen or other potentially infectious materials is a serious topic. In this lesson, we'll go over what to do if you ever find yourself in that situation, along with some responsibilities that your employer bears. An exposure incident is defined as contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties. Contact specifically means contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.), broken skin, or through a puncture-related incident, or in any situation where there exists a high probability of contamination. What to do if You are Exposed If you are exposed, take the following steps immediately: Clean the contaminated area thoroughly with soap and water. Wash needlestick injuries, cuts, and exposed skin with soap and water. Flush out any splashes of blood and OPIM to the mouth and nose with water. If the eyes are involved, irrigate with clean water, saline, or sterile irrigants for 20 minutes. Seek immediate follow-up care as identified in your department exposure control plan. Pro Tip #1: You'll also need to report the incident and complete all the appropriate forms as soon as possible after the exposure incident. However, DO NOT delay medical treatment to fill out paperwork. Medical treatment should include an immediate post exposure evaluation, prophylaxis treatment, and the appropriate follow up care, all of which should be conducted by a physician at no cost to the employee. Exposure Incident Reporting An exposure incident should include the following: The time, date, and location of the exposure. An account of all the people involved, including the exposed person, names of their first aid providers, and if possible, the name of the source individual. The circumstances of the exposure, any actions taken after the exposure, and any other information required by your employer. Pro Tip #2: What do we mean by if possible from point number two above? The situation could include a source that is unknown. Or state or local laws may prohibit the identification of the source of the infection. However, if the source is known and if that person gives consent, tests should be conducted as soon as possible, particularly for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. Report the exposure incident to the appropriate person identified in your employer's exposure control plan (often the infection control officer). There will be forms to fill out and continued follow-up, which will proceed according to your employer's policies. Your employer's exposure control plan must specify who should be contacted and what procedures need to be done to follow-up. This includes the employer's responsibilities to provide post-exposure prophylaxis when medically indicated, counseling, and the evaluation of reported illnesses at no charge. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3365/exposure-incident-and-reporting.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1873.mp4 How to Reduce Your Risk with Standard Precautions In this lesson, you'll learn how to minimize your risk of exposure to all bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Your first line of defense when it comes to these threats is known as standard precautions. Standard precautions include maintaining personal hygiene, using personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, work practice controls, and proper equipment for cleaning contaminated areas and surfaces, along with the proper cleanup procedures. Standard precautions represent the minimum infection prevention practices that everyone must follow, based on your employer's control plan. These precautions are key to eliminating exposure to all blood and bodily fluids. Remember, it's better to assume that all bodily fluids carry the risk of disease and/or infection, rather than the opposite – to assume there is no risk. So, what are the standard precautions? Standard Bloodborne and OPIM Precautions Standard precautions can be broken down into two areas – proper use of handwashing and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment, or PPE. Handwashing Pro Tip #1: While it may seem simple, handwashing is the single most effective way to prevent infection. To be as safe as possible, follow the three handwashing guidelines below. Wash your hands before and after contact is made with clients or patients. Wash your hands as often as needed – as they become visibly soiled or when exposed to possibly infectious materials. Wash your hands using soap and hot water immediately after removing your gloves. Pro Tip #2: What if you don't have access to soap and water? In these cases, you can substitute soap and water with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. If you routinely find yourself in these situations, it may be a good idea to carry some hand sanitizer with you. Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment includes things like gloves, gowns, and masks and should be used or worn whenever the exposure to body fluids is anticipated. Warning: Wearing gloves is not a reason to forego handwashing and in no way will eliminate the necessity for handwashing, which is, once again, the single most effective way to prevent infection. Your Employee Exposure Control Plan An exposure control plan is simply a written plan that's provided by your employer, the aim of which is to eliminate or minimize your occupational exposure to blood and OPIM. While the details may vary from one employer to the next, every relevant workplace must provide easily accessible copies of this plan to its employees. Each exposure control plan must include two things: A determination of exposure by job classification and … The implementation of various methods of exposure control, including:a. Universal or standard precautionsb. Engineering and work practice controlsc. Personal protective equipmentd. Information on the Hepatitis B vaccinee. Communication of hazards to employees and the required trainingf. Recordkeepingg. Procedures for evaluating circumstances surrounding exposure incidentsh. Post exposure evaluation and follow-upi. The implementation of methods for all of the above Pro Tip #3: Universal Precautions are a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of HIV, the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens when providing care; these precautions consider blood and OPIM of all patients potentially infectious. These are OSHA-required practices that require you to treat ALL blood and OPIM as if known to be infectious. Protecting Yourself from Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM The fundamental method of protecting yourself against pathogens and infection is by controlling the hazards. This can be accomplished a number of ways, including: Elimination. Get rid of all hazards or hazardous tasks if possible. Substitution. Replace hazards or hazardous tasks with safer equipment and/or safer methods. Engineering controls. Use devices such as self-sheathing needles and sharps containers to block or remove your risks of getting stuck, poked, or cut. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Know where your PPE is located and how to properly use it. Also, keep in mind that PPE only protects you if you use it. Work practice and administrative controls. It's important to follow the policies and procedures for your workplace to eliminate all risks associated with bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. What exactly is a work practice control? A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out. When followed, all of these protection methods will help make your workplace and your work activities much safer. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3351/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens-tattoo.jpg Yes 176 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/work-practice-and-engineering-controls https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1874.mp4 Work Practice, Administrative and Engineering Controls In this lesson, we're going to take a closer look at work practice controls, administrative controls, and engineering controls, so that you can have a deeper understanding of not only what they are, but why they're important. Work Practice Controls A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of being exposed to blood or other pathogens by changing the way a task is carried out. Administrative Controls Administrative controls are changes in work procedures such as written safety policies, rules, supervision, schedules, and training with the goal of reducing the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to hazardous chemicals or situations. Administrative controls include the completion of all relevant training, any and all legal requirements that must be met and adhered to, and all the policies and procedures related to infection control at your workplace. Engineering Controls An engineering control measure is one that eliminates, isolates, or removes a hazard from the workplace; things used in the workplace to help reduce the risk of an exposure. Engineering controls include: Sharps disposal containers Needle containment devices Other safety devices that prevent handlers from getting cut or poked Pro Tip #1: Engineering controls should be examined and/or maintained on a regular set schedule to ensure their maximum effectiveness. Make sure these controls are in place at your workplace to minimize your risk of exposure. Examples of Workplace, Administrative, and Engineering Controls This list is in no way meant to be a complete accounting of all controls, but rather to give you a good idea of what workplace, administrative, and engineering controls look like in the workplace. Food, drink, etc. You shouldn't eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics, or handle contact lenses in any and all work areas where there exists the possibility of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials. Trash disposal. When disposing of any trash that contains contaminated materials, do not compress the trash with your hand. Also, when carrying contaminated materials for disposal, be sure to carry the trash away from your body in case of spillage. Environment and work surfaces. All equipment and surfaces in your work environment should be thoroughly cleaned and decontaminated after all contact with blood, other body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Contaminated sharp objects. When dealing with contaminated needles and other sharp objects (routinely shortened to just sharps) there are certain guidelines to follow, such as not using bent needles, recapping needles, or trying to remove questionable needles. All needles and sharps must also be placed into appropriate sharps containers immediately after use. Warning labels. Warning labels should be affixed to all regulated waste and other containers that are used to store, transport, or ship other potentially infected materials. Labels must be fluorescent orange or red, or at least predominantly orange or red, to indicate a possible threat, along with lettering and symbols in a contrasting color. Personal protective equipment. All employees must be provided with personal protective equipment by their employer and at no cost to the employee. Examples of PPE include:a. Gloves – Wear gloves whenever the potential exists of touching blood, bodily fluids, or other potentially contaminated items.b. CPR shields and protective eyewear – Use these items when there's a likelihood of blood and OPIM being secreted or splashed.c. Gowns – Wear a gown when the potential exists of getting blood and other bodily fluids on any clothing or exposed skin.d. Masks and respirators – Use whenever there's a potential risk of coming into contact with airborne infectious diseases. Pro Tip #2: Having personal protective equipment at your workplace is great, but do you know what's even better? Knowing exactly where all PPE is located and being able to properly use them. Be sure PPE is available at your workplace and that you've been appropriately trained to use them. If you're in a profession where you have access to a first aid kit at work, be sure it's properly stocked with all necessary items, such as gloves and CPR face shields or rescue masks. Cleaning Rather than Disposing? If you are tasked with laundering contaminated items – like reusable gowns – rather than disposing of them, make sure you follow your facility's specific procedures for cleaning and handling these items. General laundry procedures will include: Wearing personal protective equipment whenever handling contaminated laundry Keeping contaminated laundry separate from non-contaminated laundry Bagging potentially contaminated laundry in the same area in which it was used, rather than transporting it elsewhere to bag Using leak-proof bags for wet contaminated laundry Transporting contaminated laundry in properly labeled bags, especially when shipping it to an offsite facility A Work Practice Cheat Sheet As you now know, work practice controls reduce the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out, which helps reduce the risk of an exposure incident. This cheat sheet is not meant to be complete, however these are some of the more common controls you'll likely face. Place all sharps items in puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers that are both labeled and available at the point of use. Avoid splashing, spraying, and splattering droplets of blood or OPIM when performing all procedures. Remove and dispose of soiled protective clothing as soon as possible. Clean and disinfect all equipment and work surfaces that may have been soiled by blood or OPIM. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water immediately after being exposed to any potentially contaminated materials and be sure the sink is not located in a food preparation area. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when handwashing facilities are not available. Do not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics or lip balm, handle contact lenses, or touch your mouth, nose, or eyes when you are in an area where you may be exposed to infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3353/work-practice-and-engineering-controls.jpg Yes 210 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/california-ab300-safe-body-art-act https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1310.mp4 Safe Body Art Act - AB300 and AB1168 In this lesson, you'll be learning about all of the requirements that you'll need to follow and everything that you will need to provide to a local enforcement agency in order to practice body art safely and within the confines of the law. The California Safe Body Art Act* regulates tattooing, branding, body piercing, and permanent makeup for body art procedures in California. This ordinance requires that all California body art practitioners must do the following: Annually register with the county in which you work Annually receive bloodborne pathogen training Provide the proper documentation to clients on the Hepatitis B vaccine status Obtain specific health information from all clients Obtain informed consent from all clients Every client that you serve must read and sign an informed consent form that includes: A description of the procedure What to expect after the procedure A statement regarding the permanent nature of body art procedures A notice that tattoo inks, dyes, and pigments have not been approved by the FDA A statement that the health consequences of using these products is still unknown The safe body art act also requires owners of body art studios to: Obtain a local health permit Operate the facility in a safe and clean manner Maintain a written procedure for the safe operation of the facility Maintain records of training and equipment sterilization Warning: You should not perform any body art procedures in California if you are not registered with a local enforcement agency. In order to register with a local enforcement agency, all body artists must provide the following: 1. Proof that you are at least 18 years old. 2. Evidence of having been given the Hepatitis B vaccine, including applicable boosters, unless you can demonstrate an immunity to the Hepatitis B virus or have complied with current federal OSHA Hepatitis B vaccination declination requirements. 3. Evidence of OSHA bloodborne pathogen training. Pro Tip #1: You must provide proof of no less than two hours of bloodborne pathogen exposure control training that is consistent with section 119307 and Cal-OSHA bloodborne standard 5193 of Title 8. For those of you interested in reading more or if suffering from chronic insomnia, the complete code and standard can be easily accessed online. Also, this training must be provided by a person knowledgeable in exposure control and infection prevention in a body art setting and approved by a local enforcement agency. In addition, a copy and explanation of local applicable city and county ordinances that pertain to bloodborne pathogen transmission control in body art must be reviewed. 4. A self-certified knowledge of and commitment to meeting all state laws and relevant local regulations that pertain to body art safety. 5. You must provide the local enforcement agency with any required documentation that includes, but is not limited to, dates, type, and location of the work to be performed, and the name and contact information of the registrant's supervisor or supervisors. 6. Your business address and the address at which you will be performing any activities that are regulated by this chapter. 7. Payment of the registration fee directly to the local enforcement agency. This California health and safety code is intended to protect both practitioners and clients from the transmission of infectious diseases through the minimum statewide standards for people who perform tattoos, body piercing, branding, or the application of permanent cosmetics. Pro Tip #2: While these requirements can sometimes feel overpowering or in some way that they are impeding you, you should also keep in mind that they are in place to keep you the body art practitioner safe, along with the clients that have put their trust in you to have a safe procedure done. When you consider the consequences, both in regard to the law and in acquiring an infectious disease, I think you'll see that these requirements make a lot of sense and why practicing your skills safely and effectively to prevent needless infection is so vitally important.   *The California Safe Body Art Act, AB300 and AB1168, states that a person shall not perform body art if he or she is not registered with the local enforcement agency. This video will review the requirements for registration and other details included in the Safe Body Art Act. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2353/california-ab300-safe-body-art-act.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/ca-body-art-regulated-waste https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2441.mp4 Regulated Waste for California Body Artists In this lesson, we'll cover what regulated waste is as defined by OSHA, along with some standard protocols for handling and disposing of it. The OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard defines regulated waste as: Any liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious material (OPIM). Contaminated items that would release blood or OPIM in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed or rung out. Items that are caked with dried blood or OPIM and are capable of flaking off and releasing these materials during handling. Contaminated sharps. Pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or OPIM. How to Dispose of Regulated Waste Pro Tip #1: It's important to note that all properly labeled and bundled waste should be handled according to your facility's disposal procedures. It's also important to consider any state or local requirements that may apply to regulated waste disposal in your area. Having said that, here are a few guidelines to follow when disposing of regulated waste. Warning: While this should go without saying, never dispose of potentially contaminated waste into normal trash receptacles. Regulated Waste Containers All blood and other potentially infectious materials must be disposed of in properly labeled biohazard containers, in either a red bag or a predominantly orange or red container that has been imprinted with the biohazard symbol shown below. Regulated waste containers must be: Sealable. You must be able to completely close and seal the container. Properly constructed. The container must be able to properly handle its contents without fail. Leak-proof. The regulated waste container must prevent leakage of all fluids and materials while handling, storing, transporting, and shipping. Sharps Containers All items falling into this category – like needles, syringes, and razors – must be placed into sealable, leak-proof, puncture-resistant containers. The containers must also be properly labeled or color-coded. Pro Tip #2: Regardless of type, all regulated waste containers should be routinely inspected and replaced, and they should never be allowed to overfill. A Word About OSHA's Regulations Since OSHA may be the reason you're taking this course, let's dig a little deeper into what the employer's responsibilities are when it comes to following those regulations. Pro Tip #3: Safety is job number one. If you notice that your employer is falling short of adhering to guidelines or not providing everything on this list, you may want to consider asking someone. OSHA regulations regarding bloodborne pathogens have placed specific responsibilities on employers for the protection of employees (like you). These include all of the following: Identifying positions or tasks covered by the bloodborne and OPIM standard precautions. Creating an exposure control plan to minimize the possibility of exposure and making the plan easily accessible to all employees. Developing and putting into action a written schedule for cleaning and decontaminating environments and work surfaces at the workplace. Creating a system for easy identification of soiled material and its proper disposal. Developing a system of annual training for all covered employees. Offering the opportunity for employees to get the hepatitis B vaccination at no cost. Establishing clear procedures to follow for reporting an exposure. Creating a system of recordkeeping. In workplaces where there is potential exposure to injuries from contaminated sharps, soliciting input from non-managerial employees with potential exposure regarding the identification, evaluation, and selection of effective engineering and work practice controls. (In other words, the feedback of those being exposed.) If a needlestick injury occurs, recording the appropriate information in the sharps injury log, including:a. The type and brand of device involved in the incidentb. The location of the incidentc. A description of the incident Maintaining a sharps injury log in such a way that protects the privacy of employees. Ensuring the confidentiality of all employees' medical records and exposure incidents. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4347/ca-body-art-regulated-waste.jpg Yes 55 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/body-art-storage-chemicals-and-labels https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2917.mp4 Body Art Storage, Chemicals, and Labels In this lesson, you'll be learning how to properly store and label chemicals and hazardous waste. Cross-contamination is always a concern when mixing possibly contaminated objects, surfaces, and gloves with sterilized objects, surfaces, and gloves. Being super aware when handling any of the above items will be required. To maintain a safe and sanitary environment in your tattoo or body art studio, it's vital that all supplies, equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), and chemicals are stored properly and labeled appropriately with proper signage. Proper Storage of Sterilized Supplies and Equipment Properly storing machines, instruments, ink, PPE, and supplies used in body art procedures can help minimize the possibility of cross-contamination. Proper storage refers to two main components: Items are kept in closed storage. Closed storage areas are clean and dry and protected from dust, aerosols, and other chemicals. Sterilized instruments should be placed in clean, dry, labeled, and covered containers or stored in labeled cabinets that can be closed and can still protect from dust and water contamination. Pro Tip #1: Only handle sterilized packages with clean gloves. Touching sterilized items with bare hands or gloves that were used during a body art procedure can easily result in cross-contamination. The pathogen can then be transferred to the sterilized item once the package has been opened. Pro Tip #2: On that same note, sterilized packages should always be evaluated before use and instruments should never be used if the package they came from was wet, torn, or punctured. Bathrooms do not make for good storage rooms and should not be used to store machines, instruments, PPE, or any other supplies used in body art procedures. Proper Storage of Chemicals The most common chemicals in most body art studios are cleaning chemicals and disinfectants. All chemicals must be properly stored and labeled at all times, regardless of whether or not that chemical is hazardous or nonhazardous. Proper labeling and storage can help prevent accidental contamination and misuse. The manufacturer's label must be present, as this will contain some vital information like the common product name, product ID, supplier ID, and the GHS pictogram and hazard statements. Pro Tip #3: Never cover up or remove the manufacturer's label or hazardous information on any chemicals. For any reason! In general, all chemicals must be stored in labeled, closed containers inside a closed storage area that can prevent contamination to machinery, instruments, ink, PPE, supplies, and work surfaces. Chemicals also must be used in a manner consistent with the manufacturer's label. Proper Storage of Regulated Waste For all biohazardous waste or sharps containers, warning labels must be attached to all containers used for the storage or transport of all potentially infectious materials. Labels must be orange or red/orange with a biohazard symbol in a contrasting color. Every procedure area should have a container for the disposal of sharps waste that is: Rigid Puncture resistant Leak-proof Closeable Sealable This waste should be labeled with the words sharps waste or with the international biohazard symbol and the word biohazard. All bags or containers of regulated waste or contaminated laundry must also be labeled with the biohazard symbol and those same words. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5227/body-art-storage-chemicals-and-labels.jpg Yes 187 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/la-county https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3003.mp4 L.A. County Body Art Regulations In this lesson, we'll be going over body art regulations specific to L.A. County, including forms and documents you'll be expected to keep on hand or provide to clients, along with the particular laws and regulations you'll be expected to follow. The California Safe Body Art Act is a chapter of the California health and safety code. It is intended to protect both you the body art professional, and the clients you serve, from the transmission of infectious diseases through the minimum statewide standards. This is intended for people who perform services like tattooing, branding, body piercing, and the application of permanent cosmetics. Pro Tip #1: In L.A. County, anyone who performs these types of services must submit a body art practitioners annual registration form. However, if you are only doing piercings of the ear with mechanical devices that use disposable, single-use pre-sterilized studs and clasps or solid needles, you do not need to register. And if that was the case, you probably wouldn't be taking this course. Body art practitioners who are currently registered with another California enforcement agency can still operate as a guest artist in L.A. County, at either an event or a body art studio. You can do so for up to five consecutive days but not longer than 15 days total each year. L.A. County Registration for Body Art Professionals Be sure to download the student manual with the course for all the forms and documents you'll need. In addition, for body art annual registration forms and other important documents, go to www.publichealth.lacounty.gov and type “body art” into the search bar. The registration application will require basic contact information for all locations where you'll be practicing – business name, facility address, etc. The body art professional annual registration form must be submitted annually and include the following: A valid government-issued photo ID showing an age of 18+ Proof of completing the L.A. County approved bloodborne pathogen exposure control training Certification of the Hepatitis B vaccine or evidence of immunity, statement of contraindication for medical reasons, or a vaccination declination statement 2” x 2” passport photo Warning: A public health permit must be secured before operating in a body art studio. Operating without a permit is a misdemeanor and may result in a penalty of three times the cost of the license or the registration. For a body art facility to receive a public health permit, the following must be verified: A current infection control prevention and contamination plan A clean environment free of insects and rodents Walls, floors, and ceilings that are smooth, free of holes, and washable Posted current certifications A contract for the removal of all sharps waste Waste containers with liners in procedures areas and decontamination areas Pro Tip #2: Properly labeled sharps containers must be within arms reach of practitioners in procedure and decontamination areas, and procedure areas must have adequate lighting and a handwashing sink with hot (110F+) and cold running water, liquid soap, and single-use disposable towels in a touchless dispenser. Decontamination Areas If using only disposable, single-use pre-sterilized instruments, a decontamination area is not required. However, if your instruments are sterilized for reuse, the following requirements must be met for your decontamination area. It must be separate from procedure areas by a minimum of five feet or by a cleanable barrier It must have a sink with cold and hot running water for cleaning and disinfecting It must contain only equipment used for the sterilization of medical instruments; in other words, it shouldn't double as a storeroom It's important to test your sterilization unit using a commercial and biologic indicator monitoring system. The times you want to use it include upon the initial installation of your sterilizing unit, after any repairs, and at least monthly. Sterilization units should be loaded, operated, decontaminated, and maintained according to the manufacturer‘s specifications. Each instrument peel pack must have an appropriate indicator and each sterilization load must be monitored with a class five integrator. A written log of each sterilization cycle must be retained on-site and should include: Date Contents Exposure time Temperature Results of class five integrator Pro Tip #3: Each sterilization pack must be inspected prior to storing it and again prior to using it. Client Safety In addition to facility requirements, you'll also be subject to certain requirements for the clients you serve. Clients should be at least 18 years old for any tattoo, permanent cosmetic, piercing of nipples or genitals, or branding regardless of parental consent. However, clients under 18 can still receive piercings in other areas if performed in the presence of a parent or guardian. Clients must be provided with informed consent forms before having any procedure done, regardless of age. They must read and sign a consent form that should include: Description of the procedure Aftercare instructions Statement regarding the permanent nature of the procedure Statement that inks, dyes, and pigments are not FDA approved The consent form should also include a client health questionnaire to determine if the client has anything in their medical history that would be problematic – diabetes, allergic reactions to latex and antibiotics, history of herpes infection or bleeding disorders, medication history, etc. And finally, the client should receive instructions for post-procedure care. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5403/l.a.-county.jpg Yes 418 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/medical-issues-with-body-art https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1308.mp4 Possible Medical Issues with Body Art In this lesson, we’ll be looking at some of the possible medical issues that come with tattoos and body art procedures like piercings. These health hazards are for those people receiving these services and also for those people providing these services. However, for the providers, your risk is always going to be higher just based on the amount of exposure you have compared to your clients. Piercings and tattoos have become increasingly popular over the last decade, and while most people may not think about the risks involved, they really should. Some of those risks include bloodborne pathogens, general skin infections, serious infections, allergic reactions, keloids, nerve damage, and bleeding. Let’s look at each one. Bloodborne Pathogens Bloodborne pathogens include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. These pathogens can be spread when dirty needles are reused. They can also be spread when tattoo artists and body art professionals don’t use the proper aseptic cleanup techniques you’ll be learning about in subsequent lessons. General Skin Infections The most common risks associated with giving or receiving tattoos and piercings comes in the form of general skin infections. These infections are not considered medically significant or serious and are characterized by: Redness Swelling Pain Pus-like drainage Serious Infections While your chances of getting a serious infection is much lower than other possibilities on this list, they can also occur. Serious infections include: Impetigo MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) Cellulitis Pro Tip #1: It should be mentioned that oral piercings carry an especially high risk, because the mouth is home to a disproportionate number of bacteria, which translates to a higher than average risk of infection at the site of the piercing. Besides infection, metal jewelry in the mouth can also damage gums and teeth. Allergic Reactions Allergic reactions are another common medical issue, particularly when it comes to materials like tattoo dyes, various metals used in piercings, and the like. If an allergic reaction is present at the site of the tattoo or piercing, some of the usual signs include: Pain Itchy rash Bumps Swelling Skin blotches Keloids Keloids are firm, rubbery lesions or shiny, fibrous nodules, and can vary from pink to the color of the person's skin or red to dark brown in color. A keloid scar is benign and not contagious, but sometimes accompanied by severe itchiness, pain, and changes in texture. This type of scar can form during the healing process. Tattoos cause damage to the skin – essentially numerous deep puncture wounds – and keloids can occur as a result. The problem is compounded by the fact that keloid scars don’t go away or become diminished over time the way other types of scars do. Nerve Damage There does exist the possibility of accidentally damaging a nerve during a piercing procedure. This is more common above the eyebrow or along the bridge of the nose. As a result, both long-term and short-term neurological damage could ensue. Serious Bleeding While a serious bleeding incident is unlikely, there are certain people who are more at risk than others. People on certain medications or those with medical disorders that can affect bleeding should be a little more cautious. Tattoos typically heal within two weeks when they are properly cared for. Healing times for piercings can range from a few weeks to over a year depending on what body part was punctured and how specifically it was punctured. Pro Tip #2: Longer healing times increase the risk of getting a site infection. A site infection can then result in a serious bloodstream infection if proper care is not taken. All body art professionals should always provide the client with after care instructions that explain in detail the risks involved and how to prevent those risks from becoming reality. Proper care to protect the site of the tattoo or piercing also has a positive effect on the quality of the image or piercing. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2349/medical-issues-with-body-art.jpg Yes 147 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/incubation https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3004.mp4 Incubation Period of Hepatitis and HIV In this lesson, we are going to take a look at incubation periods for a few of the most common bloodborne pathogens that you will encounter over the course of doing normal business. The three bloodborne pathogens that we will be looking at are Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. Bloodborne pathogens are viruses that reproduce and live in the blood. Although prevention using personal protective equipment is important, it's also vital to know how long after exposure before each virus produces signs and symptoms in the infected person. This is what's known as the incubation period, and it fluctuates based on the virus. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) The Hepatitis B virus can live outside the body in dried blood or a blood product for two-plus weeks. The incubation period after exposure to the virus is between three weeks and three months, with an average incubation period of six to eight weeks. The Hepatitis B virus may or may not produce any symptoms when it is present in the body. When symptoms are present, they can include: Fatigue Sore muscles Fever Loss of appetite Nausea Abdominal pain Vomiting Jaundice In 50 percent of all hepatitis B cases, no symptoms are present. And in acute cases of Hepatitis B, the disease rarely causes death. Around 5 percent of infected people will develop chronic Hepatitis B. Of those people, 25 percent will develop conditions such as liver cancer and cirrhosis of the liver after 10 to 30 years of becoming infected. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) The Hepatitis C virus, also known as HCV, is very similar to HBV. However, there are a few key differences that you should be aware of. The incubation period for the Hepatitis C virus after exposure is between 2 and 26 weeks, with an average incubation period of seven weeks. The symptoms of the Hepatitis C virus are also similar to the symptoms for the Hepatitis B virus, except in the majority of cases there are no symptoms present. Around 85 percent of those infected will develop chronic hepatitis C. it's important to note that with chronic infections, the person will remain contagious. Around 25 percent of all people with chronic Hepatitis C will also develop cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer after 10 to 30 years of becoming infected, if it goes untreated. HIV Virus HIV is a bloodborne pathogen that attacks the immune system rather than the liver, like the hepatitis viruses. The HIV virus is inactivated after just a few seconds to minutes after exposure to air. However, like some of the Hepatitis viruses, it may persist longer in undried blood. The incubation period for the HIV virus is between six weeks and six months. This is the amount of time that it will usually take to show up on a blood test. If left untreated, the HIV virus will eventually lead to AIDS, but this can take many years to develop. Signs of the HIV virus are very similar to flu-like illnesses, producing symptoms that include fatigue and sore muscles. These symptoms tend to develop just a few weeks after infection. In most people who are infected with the HIV virus, symptoms will usually disappear for years, until symptoms of a more advanced disease begin to show up. These symptoms include: Weight loss Recurring infections Swollen glands Pro Tip #1: The initial HIV infection can be very difficult to recognize, as symptoms are often absent or mild. It's also important to remember that these bloodborne pathogens can live outside of the body on surfaces, equipment, and instruments if they are not decontaminated properly. Warning: Cross-contamination and improper use of personal protective equipment can lead to life-threatening consequences, as can poor decision making or non-adherence to prevention control techniques. The prevention of infection is the key when dealing with bloodborne pathogens. This means using your personal protective equipment correctly and at all times. This means properly decontaminating all work surfaces and contaminated areas. And it means making sure to follow all infection control procedures for your facility. Taking these crucial preventative steps will help protect yourself as well as your clients. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5405/incubation.jpg Yes 197 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/what-is-hepatitis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3705.mp4 What is Hepatitis In this lesson, we're going to begin to dig into the various types of hepatitis, of which, you'll learn about in more detail in subsequent lessons. Also in this lesson, we'll provide you with some hepatitis statistics and important information from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on the three most common types of hepatitis, and at the end of the lesson, we'll go over some medical definitions that you'll encounter in this course. The short definition of hepatitis is: Inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis can merely be a self-limiting condition – an illness or condition which will either resolve on its own or which has no long-term harmful effect on a person's health – or it can progress into other health problems like fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis of the liver, and liver cancer. The Five Types of Hepatitis There are five types of hepatitis and some of them are more common than others. The five types, thankfully, are referred to with letters, rather than long, impossible to pronounce medical terms. Those types are A, B, C, D, and E. Pro Tip #1: The important takeaway from this lesson is this – hepatitis is a serious concern and should be taken seriously. Hepatitis can lead to illness and even death. And it has the potential for outbreaks, as in spreading in an epidemic way. Hepatitis B and C are likely the types of hepatitis you've heard the most about, as these are the two most common types. Hepatitis B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people around the world, and together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. What Causes Hepatitis? The most common cause of hepatitis are the hepatitis viruses themselves. However, coming into contact with these viruses isn't the only way you can contract hepatitis. Other possible causes include: Getting other infections Ingesting toxic substances like alcohol and certain drugs Having an autoimmune disease Ingesting contaminated food or water (Hepatitis A and E) Hepatitis Statistics in the United States According to the CDC, these are the number of cases reported of Hepatitis types A, B, and C in the U.S. for the year 2017. Pro Tip #2: Acute simply means sudden, severe, or short term, while chronic means long-lasting or long-term. These are terms you'll hear often throughout this course.   Acute Chronic Hepatitis A 6700 cases not applicable There is a vaccine for this type of Hepatitis and the main mode of transmission is the oral ingestion of fecal matter, or in other words, not washing properly after using the bathroom. Hepatitis B 22,200 862,000 There is also a vaccine for Hepatitis B and the main causes are through sex and exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Hepatitis C 44,700 2.4 million There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C and the main cause of the disease is by coming into contact with a bloodborne pathogen. A Word About Definitions in this Course As you're a body artist and not a medical doctor, nurse, or paramedic, we don't expect you to know the definitions of all the words you'll encounter in this course. However, knowing a few important ones could mean the difference between properly ingesting the information and glossing over it and retaining very little. Blood Blood refers to not only human blood, but also human blood components, and products made from human blood. Bloodborne Pathogens Bloodborne Pathogens refers to the pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Contaminated Contaminated refers to the presence, or the reasonably anticipated presence, of blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface. Contaminated Sharps Sharps refers to any item that can penetrate the skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc. Contaminated sharps are those sharp items that have been contaminated. Decontamination Decontamination refers to the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal. Engineering Controls Engineering Controls refers to certain controls (sharps disposal containers, self-sheathing needles, safer medical devices, such as sharps with engineered sharps injury protections and needleless systems) that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens hazard from the workplace. Exposure Incident Exposure Incident refers to specific eyes, mouths, other mucous membranes, non-intact skin, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties. Parenteral Parenteral refers to the act of piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needlesticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard. General work clothes (uniforms, pants, shirts or blouses) not intended to function as protection against a hazard are not considered to be personal protective equipment. Regulated Waste Regulated Waste refers to liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious materials; contaminated items that would release blood or other potentially infectious materials in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with dried blood or other potentially infectious materials and are capable of releasing these materials during handling; contaminated sharps; and pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or other potentially infectious materials. Source Individual Source Individual refers to any individual, living or dead, whose blood or other potentially infectious materials may be a source of occupational exposure to the employee. Examples include, but are not limited to, hospital and clinic patients; clients in institutions for the developmentally disabled; trauma victims; clients of drug and alcohol treatment facilities; residents of hospices and nursing homes; human remains; and individuals who donate or sell blood or blood components. Sterilize Sterilize refers to the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life including highly resistant bacterial endospores. Work Practice Controls Work Practice Controls refers to controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed (prohibiting recapping of needles by a two-handed technique). https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6641/what-is-hepatitis.jpg Yes 67 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/molluscum-contagiosum https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3709.mp4 Molluscum Contagiosum In this lesson, we'll be diving into molluscum contagiosum, a condition most of you are probably not familiar with in the slightest. We'll predictability provide information on what it is, who's most at risk, how it's transmitted, the signs and symptoms, how it's diagnosed, as well as treatment options and prevention strategies. Molluscum is an infection caused by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus) that usually results in a benign, mild skin disease with lesions that can appear anywhere on the body. The good news is that molluscum is self-resolving, which means it typically goes away on its own. Lesions are small, raised, and usually white, pink, or flesh colored. They have a dimple or pit in the center, are smooth and firm, and can range in size from 2-5mm, or about the size of a pinhead to the size of a pencil eraser. Mollusca can appear alone or in groups and can occur anywhere on the body, including the face, neck, arms, legs, abdomen, and genitals. However, they are rarely found on the palms and soles of the feet. Who is Most at Risk? Molluscum is most common in, but not limited to, children between the ages of one and 10 years of age. People with weakened immune systems (HIV, cancer) are also at risk, and the growths for these individuals may be larger and more difficult to treat. People with atopic dermatitis are also at risk, due to breaks in the skin, as are people who live in warm, humid climates with crowded living conditions. How is Molluscum Transmitted? There are a few ways that molluscum is transmitted including: Person to person contact, including sexual contact By touching contaminated objects Shaving and electrolysis Pro Tip #1: Molluscum is easily spread to other areas of the body by touching or scratching lesions then touching somewhere else, which is known as autoinoculation. The virus remains on the top layer of skin (epidermis) and does not circulate throughout the body. Once lesions are gone, so too is the virus. And when that happens, it cannot be spread to others. The incubation period for molluscum is from two weeks to six months. Signs and Symptoms of Molluscum Molluscum appears as a small, pearly-white bump on the skin with a central depression, possibly secreting a white cheesy substance. Lesions are between 2-5mm, usually painless and may become inflamed, red, and swollen. These bumps will usually disappear spontaneously within six to 12 months but could linger for up to four years. Most cases involve children over the age of one, and there is only one known case of an infant becoming infected. How is Molluscum Diagnosed? Lesions are classified in one of three ways: Lesions that are found on the face, trunk, and limbs of a child. Sexually transmitted lesions on the abdomen, inner thighs, and genitals of sexually active adults. Diffuse, recalcitrant eruptions on people with AIDS and other immunosuppressive disorders. The period of communicability is unknown but likely lasts as long as lesions persist. Molluscum Treatment Options Because molluscum is self-limiting in healthy people, treatment is usually not necessary. However, issues such as lesion visibility, underlying atopic diseases, and the desire to prevent transmission may prompt treatment. And treatment is usually recommended if lesions are in the genital area. Treatment consists of medications or physical removal by the following means: Cryotherapy – freezing with liquid nitrogen Cutting, scraping, or scooping Laser therapy Pro Tip #2: Under the heading of don't try this at home, physical removal requires a trained healthcare provider. Anesthesia may be required, and removal can result in pain, irritation, and scarring. Oral cimetidine (medication) is an alternative treatment for small children who are afraid of the pain associated with removal or because of the avoidance of scarring. It should be noted that facial Mollusca don't respond as well to this treatment as do lesions elsewhere on the body. Prevention of Molluscum The best way to prevent molluscum is to follow good hygiene habits. The virus only lives on the skin. Once lesions are gone, the virus is gone and cannot be spread to others. Handwashing is the best line of defense, as it removes the germs that may have been picked up from other people or surfaces with germs on them. Pro Tip #3: Do not touch, scratch, or pick at lesions. Doing so can spread the virus to other parts of the body and other people who come in contact with you. It's also important to keep lesions clean and covered at all times, and it's a good idea to keep them dry as well. Be especially careful during sporting activities, like taking part in contact sports like football, wrestling, and basketball. And don't share equipment like towels, clothing, swimsuits, baseball gloves, helmets, and personal items like hairbrushes, wrist watches, and bar soap if you have an infection. If you have lesions around the genitals – penis, vulva, vagina, and anus – avoid sexual contact until after seeing a healthcare provider. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6649/molluscum-contagiosum.jpg Yes 391 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/hepatitis-c-virus-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1871.mp4 Hepatitis C Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis C virus, also known as HCV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis C infection in the U.S. You're going to notice numerous similarities with the Hepatitis B virus. However, there will also be some significant and crucial differences to make note of. At the end of the lesson, we'll provide you with a Word about the signs and transmission of bloodborne pathogens. Much like the Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C can exhibit very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. It's not unusual for someone infected with Hepatitis C to live for decades with the disease and not know it, all the while the virus is slowly destroying their liver. The Hepatitis C virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This in turn can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. Some people who are exposed to Hepatitis C can fight the infection and rid it from the body. While others become chronically infected. You may recall that this is where we gave you some good news in the last lesson, as around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. While the other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B will become chronic. The problem is that with Hepatitis C, those numbers are practically inverted, as around 80 percent of those exposed develop a chronic infection, while the other 20 percent will clear the virus from their systems and develop and natural immunity to it. How Hepatitis C is Contracted and Spread Pro Tip #1: Hepatitis C is spread a little differently compared to Hepatitis B and HIV. While the latter two viruses are mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, Hepatitis B is spread mostly through blood, including sharing needles with an infected person (mostly due to injected drug use) and through getting tattoos and piercings with unsterilized equipment. Less common ways of contracting Hepatitis C in the U.S. include receiving blood, blood products, or organs that have been infected with the Hepatitis C virus. However, these instances are much less common since blood screening became available in 1992. Also, like both HIV and Hepatitis B, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby. And in healthcare settings, it can also be passed on through needle stick injuries. It's worth noting that these are both rare, as is spreading the disease through sexual intercourse. It should be noted that personal items that are contaminated with infected blood and then shared with others also present a risk – items like razors and toothbrushes, for example. Pro Tip #2: People who are infected with HIV face a much greater risk of also contracting Hepatitis C. Also, like both Hepatitis B and HIV, Hepatitis C cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with pubic items like doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. And there is no evidence of virus transmission from food handlers, teachers, or other service providers in the absence of blood to blood contact. Hepatitis C Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that around 3.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis C infection 17,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis C virus 12,000 people each year die from liver complications caused by Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and Hepatitis B, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis C are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for all the above is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis C symptoms (which mirror those of Hepatitis B) include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Hepatitis C Treatment Unfortunately, there is neither a Hepatitis C vaccine nor a known cure. There are, however, new drugs that have come on the market that studies have shown can provide big improvements to those in need of Hepatitis C treatment. In some studies, those infected with the Hepatitis C virus who took one or more new drugs approved by the FDA showed up to a 90 percent success rate in eliminating the disease. The downside is the expense. Treatments can cost tens of thousands of dollars, making them financially available to only a select few who can afford them. A Word About Bloodborne Pathogens – Signs and Transmission Let's quickly recap the symptoms of the diseases covered in this section (Hepatitis B, C, and HIV) along with the modes of transmission for each. It may help to see the side-by-side comparisons for the purpose of retaining the information. HIV Symptoms: May or may not be present in the early stages. Late-contact stage symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, skin rashes, night sweats, loss of appetite, swollen lymph glands, significant weight loss, white spots in the mouth or vaginal discharge (signs of yeast infection), and memory or movement problems. Contraction: HIV is spread through both direct and possibly indirect contact with blood, semen, and vaginal fluid. Hepatitis B Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis B is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. Hepatitis C Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis C is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3347/hepatitis-c-virus-tattoo.jpg Yes 200 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/skin-diseases-tattoo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1872.mp4 Skin Diseases and Disorders In this lesson, we'll be covering all things related to skin diseases and disorders, including the three layers of skin and various conditions like MRSA, herpes simplex, fungal conditions, and who is most prone to getting skin diseases and disorders, along with most importantly – the best line of defense against such conditions. What do We Mean by Skin Disorders and Diseases? Skin diseases, disorders, and other conditions include people who have the following: Boils Infected wounds Open sores and cuts Abrasions Weeping dermatological lesions Pro Tip #1: Anyone with these skin conditions should absolutely avoid working if there is any likelihood at all that they could contaminate healthcare supplies, body art equipment, or work surfaces. Just like someone with the flu should avoid working, so too should people with any of the conditions listed above. Workers skin should be free from all rashes and infections. Healthcare workers, tattoo artists, and caregivers should always cover any open sores with bandages to avoid the spread of infection. Getting to Know Your Own Skin Skin is the largest organ of the body and if you think about it, it's not even close. Your skin contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, nerves, and sweat glands. Your skin is made up of several layers and varies in thickness from around 1.5mm to 4mm or more. Pro Tip #2: Skin is the first line of defense against infection … as long as it's intact. If it's not intact, it should be covered. And if it's not intact and not covered, it's not defending you against anything. The Three Layers of Skin The three layers of skin are: The Epidermis – the thick outer layer of tissue that you affectionately know as your skin. The Dermis – this strong second layer of connective tissue is filled with blood vessels and nerves. The Hypodermis – this layer lies just below the dermis, is fattier than the other two, and is sometimes called the subcutaneous layer. Warning: The reason that tattoo artists, in particular, have such a high risk is that they use needles that puncture these layers of skin multiple times per minute, making it much more possible to become infected. Commonly Spread Skin Diseases Let's take a look at some of the more commonly spread skin diseases, starting with … Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and noses of some individuals. Most of the time, staph does not cause any major harm. Staph infections can look like pimples, boils, or other skin conditions and most are easily treatable. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) MRSA infections can look like ordinary skin wounds, boils, or infected sores. However, most of the time, these sores appear not to heal and may even get worse. People contract MRSA infections by touching infected mucous membranes, skin, or contaminated objects. Most MRSA infections are limited to skin infections. More severe or life-threatening MRSA infections occur most frequently among patients in healthcare settings with altered immune systems. Herpes Simplex Herpes simplex is a commonly spread skin disease that is a virus. It's generally found on the face, scalp, arms, neck, and upper chest. It is usually indicated (appears) as a small, round blister and when broken can secrete a clear or yellowish fluid. People typically contract herpes by touching infected saliva, mucous membranes, or skin. Fungal Skin Diseases Some common skin diseases that are fungus-related are athletes foot and ringworm. Fungal infections cause red, patchy, flaky, and itchy areas of skin. They are also contagious and can be easily spread from one person to another. Fungal skin diseases are usually spread when infected areas of a person or surface (showers, floors, benches, etc.) are touched by a non-infected person. To combat fungal infections, affected areas should be kept clean and dry. Who is Most Prone to Skin Diseases and Disorders? Some people with the following conditions are more prone to getting skin disorders: People with a history of Hepatitis B or C People with HIV or AIDS People with diabetes People with a history of hemophilia or other blood diseases and disorders People with a history of allergies or adverse reactions to pigments, dyes, latex, etc. People with a history of other immune disorders Pro Tip #3: It should be noted that healing may be adversely affected by receiving a tattoo or other body art for all individuals listed above. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3349/skin-diseases-tattoo.jpg Yes 233 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/what-is-herpes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3708.mp4 What is Herpes In this lesson, we're going to look at herpes, including some shocking statistics, the two types of herpes, how it's transmitted, how it's diagnosed, treatment options, and how to prevent herpes. The herpes infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two categories or types of herpes – herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Herpes simplex virus type 1 refers mainly to oral herpes, which appears mostly as cold sores. Herpes simplex virus type 2 refers to genital herpes. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Oral Herpes HSV-1 is highly contagious and is a larger problem around the world than most would think. Most HSV-1 infections are acquired during childhood and infection is lifelong. Also, most HSV-1 infections are oral herpes (rather than genital) that occur in and around the mouth. The incidence rates of HSV-1 are profound. In 2012, there were an estimated 3.7 billion people worldwide under 50 years of age with the infection. The highest area of prevalence was in Africa, at around 87 percent of the population. The lowest area of prevalence was in the Americas, at between 40 and 50 percent. In 2012, there were 140 million people between the ages of 15 and 49 with the genital version of HSV-1 and prevalence once again varied by region. Most genital HSV-1 infections occurred in the Americas, Europe, and the Western Pacific region, where it continues to be acquired well into adulthood. In other regions, like Africa, most HSV-1 infections are acquired in childhood, well before the age that most begin having sexual contact. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Oral Herpes – How is it Transmitted? This infection is mostly transmitted by mouth to mouth contact via sores, saliva, and surfaces in and around the mouth. The other mode of transmission is oral to genital contact, which is the cause of genital type 1 herpes. Pro Tip #1: HSV-1 can be transmitted from oral or skin surfaces that appear normal and healthy, as in an absence of signs and symptoms. However, it's equally important to know that the greatest risk of becoming infected is when there is the presence of obvious and active sores. Individuals who already have HSV-1 oral herpes are unlikely to also be infected with HSV-1 genital herpes. In rare circumstances, an infection can be transmitted from mother to baby during birth. The incubation period for HSV-1 oral herpes is between 2 and 12 days. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Oral Herpes – Signs and Symptoms There are often no signs and symptoms of HSV-1 oral herpes. However, if there are, those symptoms include: Tingling, itching, and burning sensation around the mouth prior to sores appearing Painful blisters and open sores in and around the mouth, such as cold sores Clusters or groups of painful blisters that ooze clear, yellowish fluid that will crust over This type of infection comes and goes, and the frequency of recurrences varies from person to person. Oral symptoms, in particular, can result in intense pain at the onset of infection, making eating and drinking difficult. Symptoms can appear on lips, gums, the front of the tongue, inside the cheeks, in the throat, and on the roof of the mouth. Gums can become mildly swollen and red and may bleed. Symptoms aren't limited to the oral areas and can extend down the chin and neck. Lymph nodes in the neck are often swollen and painful. For people in their teens or 20s, sore throats with swollen sores and a grayish coating on the tonsils are also common symptoms. Pro Tip #2: Herpes is highly communicable (easily transmitted to others). The secretion of the virus in saliva can occur for up to seven weeks after recovery from stomatitis – inflammation of mouth and lips. And people with primary genital lesions are infectious for 7-10 days. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Genital Herpes HSV-2 is also widespread around the world and is almost exclusively sexually transmitted and the main cause of genital herpes, though as you've just learned the HSV-1 virus can also cause genital herpes. Infection with HSV-2 is also lifelong and incurable. The incidence rates of HSV-2 are just slightly less shocking than HSV-1. Annually, 776,000 people in the U.S. get a new HSV-2 herpes infection. Slightly more than 15 percent of people ages 14 to 49 have an HSV-2 infection. HSV-2 is more common for women than men (20.3 percent vs. 10.6 percent) as genital infection is more easily transmitted from men to women. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Genital Herpes – How is it Transmitted? This type of herpes is mainly transmitted during sex through contact with genital surfaces, skin, sores, or fluids of someone infected with the virus. HSV-2 can be transmitted from skin in or around the genitals and anal area that appears normal and symptom-free. And in rare circumstances, it can be passed from mother to baby during birth. The incubation period for HSV-2 genital herpes is between 2 and 12 days. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2) Genital Herpes – Signs and Symptoms Like HSV-1, HSV-2 can also be present without any symptoms at all or just mild symptoms that go unnoticed or are mistaken for something else. When symptoms are present, they include: One or more small blisters on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth Fever Body aches Swollen lymph nodes Headache Pro Tip #3: The first outbreak usually includes longer-lasting symptoms (like sores or lesions) and a greater chance of transmitting the infection to others. Symptoms of recurrent outbreaks also include: Localized genital pain and tingling Shooting pain in the legs, hips, and buttocks Recurrent symptoms can occur hours or days before the eruption of lesions, which are typically shorter in duration and less severe than the first outbreak. How is Herpes Diagnosed? HSV-1 (Oral Herpes) HSV-1 diagnosis is done through an Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. This is a blood test that looks for antibodies to the HSV-1 virus in the blood. This is a highly sensitive test and will only detect the presence of HSV-1 antibodies. HSV-2 (Genital Herpes) HSV-2 diagnosis is done using a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test. This test produces rapid and accurate results and is increasingly being used. A viral culture requires a sample from a lesion and if viral growth is found, a procedure will differentiate the HSV-1 virus from the HSV-2 virus. Pro Tip #4: With the shocking statistics presented in this lesson, you may be inclined to be tested immediately. However, the CDC does not recommend screening for the general population. Having said that, there are several scenarios where HSV tests may be recommended and these include: People with recurrent genital symptoms People with a clinical diagnosis of genital herpes even though lab tests have not been done to confirm an infection People who have a sex partner with herpes People who have another STD or have multiple sex partners People who have HIV What are the Treatment Options for Herpes? As already mentioned, there is no cure for either type of herpes. However, antiviral medications can prevent or shorten outbreaks for those who are infected. Also, antiviral medications can reduce the chance of spreading the disease to others. At this time, there is no commercially available vaccine to protect against either herpes virus. What are the Prevention Techniques for Herpes? Herpes prevention looks like a recipe for becoming a Buddhist monk and includes: For HSV-1 (Oral Herpes) Avoid oral contact with others and sharing objects that come in contact with saliva Abstain from oral sex to avoid the transmission of herpes to the genitals of all sex partners For HSV-2 (Genital Herpes) Abstain from sexual contact Be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with sex partners who have been tested and shown to be uninfected https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6647/what-is-herpes.jpg Yes 598 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/california-tattoo/video/impetigo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3713.mp4 Impetigo In this lesson, we'll be looking at impetigo – what it is, who is most at risk of getting it, how it's transmitted, what the signs and symptoms are, along with how impetigo is diagnosed, treated, and prevented. Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection that's caused by one of two types of bacteria – streptococcus (strep) or staphylococcus (staph). The bacteria enter the body most often after the skin has been injured or irritated from other skin problems like eczema, poison ivy, insect bites, burn, or cuts. Impetigo is one of the most highly contagious skin infections and it mainly affects children. However unlikely, adults can also get impetigo. Impetigo usually appears as red sores on the face, particularly around the nose and mouth, but it can also appear on the hands and feet. When the sores break open, a honey-colored crust follows. Pro Tip #1: Children often get impetigo after they have a cold or when allergies flare up. All the nose wiping and nose blowing makes the skin under the nose especially raw and helps create the perfect environment. However, it can also develop in completely healthy skin. Who is Most at Risk? There are several factors that will increase the risk of getting impetigo and these include: Age, as it's much more common in children ages two to five Crowded living conditions Spreads more easily in schools and childcare settings Warm and humid climates, which is why impetigo is more common in summer Participating in certain contact sports, like wrestling and football Having uncovered broken skin, as bacteria usually enter the body this way How is Impetigo Transmitted? Impetigo is spread mainly by person to person contact, like with kids playing together at recess or through contact sports. It can be spread by touching items belonging to an infected person – towels, bedding, clothing – but this is far less common. Also important to note, impetigo is mostly confined to humans. Pro Tip #2: The period of communicability if left untreated can last weeks or months. However, after just 24 hours of appropriate treatment, this is usually enough to stop the possibility of the person still being infectious. The incubation period for strep is one to three days, while the incubation period for staph is four to 10 days. Signs and Symptoms of Impetigo Sores typically begin as small red spots and change to blisters that eventually crack open. They can remain small as a pimple or grow large as a coin. They aren't usually painful but they're often itchy. The sores can also increase in number, as well as size. And can eventually ooze fluid that then crusts over. Testing and Diagnosis for Impetigo Impetigo doesn't usually require anything other than a quick diagnosis done by a physician based solely on the physical appearance of the sores; lab testing is generally not necessary. Impetigo Treatment Options An antibiotic ointment applied directly to the affected areas is typically enough to treat impetigo. Though, soaking the infected areas in warm water first may help, as removing the scabs first will help ensure the antibiotics can better penetrate the skin. In rare cases where there are numerous sores, a physician might prescribe an oral antibiotic. And it's important to finish whichever treatment the doctor prescribes, even if the sores have already healed, to prevent the infection from returning. Impetigo Prevention Techniques To prevent getting impetigo, the best thing you can do is keep your skin clean and dry and wash any cuts, scrapes, or insect bites as they happen. A little soap and water is usually sufficient. If your child is infected, consider cutting his or her nails short to prevent them from hurting themselves or transmitting the infection to other areas in case they begin to scratch. To prevent the spread of impetigo, gently wash the affected areas with mild soap and water and cover those areas lightly with gauze. Wash your clothing, bedding, towels, and other items daily and do not share them with others. Wear gloves when applying antibiotic ointment, and don't forget to wash your hands immediately afterward. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6657/impetigo.jpg Yes 284 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/intoduccion-a-patogenos-de-sangre https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1223.mp4 Introducción a patógenos sanguíneos Este curso está dirigido a personas que necesitan capacitación sobre control de infecciones y patógenos de la sangre que cumplen con OSHA, de acuerdo con la norma OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030, como parte de sus requisitos de trabajo, ya que pueden enfrentar exposición laboral a patógenos de transmisión sanguínea y enfermedades infecciosas. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2075/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-2013.jpg Yes 162 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/vih-y-sida https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1225.mp4 VIH y SIDA El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana causa el SIDA, trastorno de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, en el cual el sistema inmunológico se vuelve incapaz de combatir la enfermedad. El VIH se transmite principalmente por contacto sexual. Menos del 1% de los profesionales médicos se infectan a través de la exposición laboral. No se transmite por contacto casual, como un apretón de manos, compartir alimentos o asientos de inodoro. No hay vacunación ni cura para el VIH. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2079/hiv-and-aids-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/enfermedades-de-la-piel https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1228.mp4 Enfermedades de la piel La piel es el órgano más grande del cuerpo. Contiene vasos sanguíneos, receptores sensoriales, nervios y glándulas sudoríparas. Está formado por la epidermis y la dermis y varía en grosor de 1,5 a 4 mm o más. La piel es la primera línea de defensa contra la infección. Las enfermedades, los trastornos y las afecciones de la piel incluyen personas con forúnculos, heridas infectadas, llagas abiertas, abrasiones o lesiones dermatológicas que lloran. Las enfermedades cutáneas más comunes incluyen bacterias, virus y hongos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2085/skin-diseases-2013.jpg Yes 224 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/reducir-riesgos-de-patogenos-de-sangre https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1229.mp4 Cómo reducir tus riesgos Siga las precauciones estándar. Al igual que las precauciones universales, que incluyen la identificación de sangre y unos pocos fluidos corporales que tienen el potencial de contener patógenos transmitidos por la sangre, precauciones estándar significa tratar toda la sangre, fluidos corporales, piel no intacta (como abrasiones, granos o llagas abiertas) y membranas mucosas (dentro de los ojos, boca, nariz) como si pudieran transportar patógenos transmitidos por la sangre y enfermedades infecciosas. Esto incluye prácticas de inyección seguras, manejo seguro de equipos o superficies potencialmente contaminados en el entorno del paciente y etiqueta respiratoria o para la tos. La clave es eliminar la exposición a toda la sangre, fluidos corporales y otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2087/how-to-reduce-your-risk-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/retirar-y-desechar-guantes https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1233.mp4 Retirado de guantes El guante en guante, la piel sobre la regla de la piel evita la contaminación. Agarrar el exterior de un guante cerca de la muñeca. Tire del guante hacia abajo y sáquelo de su mano, girándolo de adentro hacia afuera. Coloca el primer guante en una bola en el puño de tu mano enguantada. Usando los dedos debajo del guante en la muñeca de la otra mano, tire del segundo guante hacia abajo y sáquelo de la mano, dándole la vuelta al revés. Deseche los guantes adecuadamente y lávese las manos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2095/glove-removal-2013.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/controles-de-practicas-de-trabajo https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1230.mp4 Prácticas de trabajo y controles de ingeniería Los Controles de práctica laboral reducen la probabilidad de exposición al alterar la forma en que se realiza una tarea. Los controles administrativos incluyen seguir toda la capacitación, los requisitos legales, las políticas y los procedimientos relacionados con el control de infecciones en sus instalaciones. Los controles de ingeniería aíslan o eliminan los peligros de los patógenos transmitidos por la sangre en el lugar de trabajo. Estos incluyen recipientes para la eliminación de objetos punzantes, agujas autocubiertas y dispositivos médicos más seguros. Los controles de ingeniería deben ser examinados y mantenidos o reemplazados en un horario regular para asegurar su efectividad. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2089/work-practice-and-engineering-controls-2013.jpg Yes 214 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/procedimientos-de-limpieza-de-fluidos-corporales https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1232.mp4 Limpieza de fluidos corporales Comience limpiando la mayor cantidad de líquido posible y deseche los materiales saturados en un desecho regulado o en una bolsa de riesgo biológico. Si algo de la sangre o el líquido está en sus guantes, quítese los guantes, use un guante para quitarse el otro y deséchelos en la bolsa de riesgo biológico. Ponte un nuevo par de guantes. Una vez que se haya limpiado la sangre visible, use la solución desinfectante y rocíe el resto del derrame. Límpielo para eliminar todos los restos de fluidos corporales. Luego, retire el segundo par de guantes y deséchelos. Rocíe toda la superficie y deje que se evapore para finalizar el proceso de descontaminación. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2093/body-fluid-cleanup-2013.jpg Yes 385 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/desechos-regulados https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1231.mp4 Desechos regulados Los desechos regulados son la sangre líquida o semilíquida u otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos (OPIM) y los artículos contaminados que podrían liberar sangre u otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos en estado líquido o semilíquido si se comprimen. Esto también incluye artículos que se apilan con sangre seca u otros materiales potencialmente infecciosos y son capaces de desprenderse o liberar estos materiales durante el manejo. Los residuos debidamente etiquetados y agrupados deben manejarse de acuerdo con los procedimientos de eliminación de la instalación, los requisitos estatales y locales. No lo deseche en la basura normal. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2091/regulated-waste-2013.jpg Yes 98 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/hepatitis-c-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1227.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis C El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) se reproduce en el hígado y causa inflamación y posiblemente cirrosis, insuficiencia hepática o cáncer de hígado, muy parecido al virus de la hepatitis B. Sin embargo, el VHC es un virus diferente con sus propios rasgos. Una persona puede estar infectada y no tener signos ni síntomas, y puede vivir con el virus durante décadas sin saberlo, mientras que el virus causa daño al hígado. Alrededor del 80% de las personas expuestas desarrollan una infección crónica. Solo alrededor del 20% son capaces de eliminar el virus mediante la creación natural de inmunidad. El VHC se transmite principalmente a través del contacto con la sangre de una persona infectada a través de agujas. No hay cura ni vacunación contra el VHC. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2083/hepatitis-c-virus-2013.jpg Yes 201 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/hepatitis-b-es https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1226.mp4 Virus de la hepatitis B La hepatitis B se reproduce en el hígado causando inflamación y posiblemente cirrosis, insuficiencia hepática o cáncer de hígado. Las personas pueden tener hepatitis B durante meses antes de que aparezcan los síntomas, por lo que se puede transmitir fácilmente a otras personas sin saberlo. A diferencia del VIH, el virus de la hepatitis B puede vivir fuera del cuerpo durante al menos 7 días o más en sangre seca. Es mucho más fácil atrapar este virus de la exposición. El virus se propaga principalmente por contacto sexual y abuso de drogas por vía intravenosa. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2081/hepatitis-b-virus-2013.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/lava-tus-manos https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1234.mp4 Lavado de manos El lavado de manos es la técnica de control de infección más importante. Después de quitarse el equipo de protección personal, lávese siempre bien las manos frotándolas con un jabón antimicrobiano o usando un gel a base de alcohol. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2097/handwashing-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/infecciones-asociadas-a-atencion-de-salud https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1235.mp4 Infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud Las Precauciones Estándar deben seguirse sin importar el estatus de infección sospechada o confirmada del paciente, en cualquier entorno donde se proporcionan servicios médicos. Estas prácticas están diseñadas tanto para proteger al profesional de la salud, como para evitar que el profesional de la salud propague infecciones entre los pacientes. Las Precauciones Estándar incluyen: higiene de las manos, uso de equipo de protección personal (ejemplos de éste son guantes o batas o mascarillas), prácticas de inyección segura, manejo seguro de equipos o superficies potencialmente contaminados dentro del entorno del paciente, e higiene respiratoria y el manejo de la tos. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2099/hospital-associated-infections-2013.jpg Yes 325 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/practicas-seguras-de-inyeccion https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1236.mp4 Prácticas seguras de inyección Al recibir una inyección, la protección contra infecciones, incluyendo patógenos de la sangre, es un requisito y una expectativa básica en cualquier lugar donde se proporciona atención de salud. Para los empleados, la Ley de Seguridad y Prevención por Pinchazos de Aguja requiere dispositivos médicos apropiados, comercialmente disponibles, más seguros y eficaces diseñados para eliminar o minimizar la exposición ocupacional. Siempre que se producen prácticas inseguras de inyección, es un indicativo de que el personal de salud no conoce, no entiende, o no se adhiere a los principios básicos de control de infecciones y técnica aséptica. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2101/safe-injection-practices-2013.jpg Yes 606 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/incidentes-de-exposicion https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1237.mp4 Incidentes y reporte de exposición Un incidente de exposición se define como una membrana mucosa específica, piel rota o contacto por punción con sangre u OPIM que resulta del desempeño de los deberes de un empleado. Si una persona ha estado expuesta, debe descontaminar primero, reportar el incidente a un supervisor y buscar tratamiento médico. Una evaluación médica inmediata confidencial posterior a la exposición, un tratamiento profiláctico (tratamiento para ayudar a prevenir una infección) y un seguimiento debe ser realizado por un médico sin costo para el empleado. El papeleo debe completarse tan pronto como sea posible después del incidente, pero el tratamiento médico no debe demorarse completando el papeleo primero. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2103/exposure-incident-and-reporting-2013.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/es/training/video/como-se-propagan-los-patogenos-de-sangre https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/es/1224.mp4 Cómo se propagan los patógenos de la sangre Los patógenos transmitidos por la sangre son microorganismos (como los virus) que están presentes en la sangre humana y pueden causar enfermedades en los humanos. Estos patógenos incluyen, entre otros, el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB), la hepatitis C (VHC) y el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La fuente principal de patógenos en la sangre potenciales es la sangre y los fluidos corporales específicos. El objetivo es prevenir la propagación de patógenos transmitidos por la sangre mediante la interrupción de la forma en que se propagan utilizando estrategias de control de la infección. La principal forma en que se propagan las infecciones como la hepatitis B, la hepatitis C o el VIH es a través del contacto sexual o el abuso de drogas por vía intravenosa. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2077/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-2013.jpg Yes 309 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1223.mp4 Intro to Bloodborne Pathogens Welcome to the ProBloodborne course! In this course, you'll learn: How to protect yourself or other employees from getting bloodborne diseases What potential diseases you could get by coming into contact with blood and other bodily fluids What to do if someone at your workplace comes into contact with blood and bodily fluids The goal of this course is simple – To help you get the information you need, including the skills and knowledge to prevent diseases from bloodborne pathogens. Who is the ProBloodborne Course For? This course is for anyone who needs OSHA compliant bloodborne pathogens and infection control training according to OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) as part of their job requirement. People who may face exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases who need this course include: Healthcare providers Daycare providers Homecare workers Teachers Tattoo artists General workplace employees The ProBloodborne training course follows the OSHA standard requirements, which states: Proper training is required at the time of initial assignment to tasks where occupational exposure may take place. Annual training of all employees shall be provided within one year of their previous training. Employers shall provide additional training when changes occur, such as the modification of tasks or procedures, or when the institution of new tasks or procedures affect the employee's occupational exposure. The additional training may be limited to addressing the new exposures created. What Does the ProBloodborne Course Include? This course includes the following training. You'll learn about: Basic terms related to bloodborne pathogens How bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are spread The responsibilities of healthcare professionals to avoid spreading bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases HIV and AIDS Hepatitis B Hepatitis C How to reduce the risks of exposure Engineering controls Workplace practices to protect yourself and other employees Personal protection equipment Safe injection practices Skin diseases Exposure control plans Proper cleanup and decontamination procedures Hazardous disposal Follow-up procedures when incidents occur Got Questions? We Have Answers! Don't forget, whenever you have questions, we have an interactive system in place to answer them, whether by email, chat, or phone support. In this course, as with all of our courses, you are never alone. A Word About How Diseases are Spread In the next lesson, we'll be diving deeper into how bloodborne pathogens and OPIM (other potentially infectious materials) are spread. So, consider this a short primer to get you ready. Exposure to blood and infectious diseases occurs across a wide variety of occupations, as you've already seen, including healthcare workers, emergency response providers, public safety personnel, and other workers, particularly those involved in body arts like tattoos and piercings. Exposure can occur both directly and indirectly. Direct contact transmission occurs when infected blood or OPIM from one person enters the body of another. For example, direct contact transmission can occur through infected blood splashing in the eye or from directly touching the OPIM of an infected person. Some bloodborne pathogens are also transmitted by indirect contact. Indirect contact transmission can occur when a person touches an object that contains the blood or OPIM of an infected person. These objects include soiled dressings, equipment, and work surfaces contaminated with an infected person's blood or OPIM. For example, indirect contact can occur when a person picks up blood-soaked bandages with a bare hand and the pathogens enter through a break in the skin on that person's hand. For any bloodborne disease to spread, all five of the following conditions must be met: There must be an adequate number of pathogens or disease-causing organisms in the environment. There needs to be a reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and even multiply, such as blood. There must be a mode of transmission from source to host. There must be an entrance through which the pathogen enters the host. The host must be susceptible to that pathogen, as opposed to being immune to it. To understand how infections occur, think of these five conditions as pieces of a puzzle. All of the pieces must be in place for the picture to be complete. If any one of the conditions is missing, an infection cannot occur. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2075/intro-to-bloodborne-pathogens-2013.jpg Yes 162 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/hiv-and-aids https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1225.mp4 HIV and AIDS HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It attacks the body and harms the immune system by destroying the white blood cells that fight infection. Which in turn diminishes the body's ability to protect itself against disease. If left untreated, HIV will eventually progress into AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In this lesson, we'll take a look at transmission rates, symptoms (though very problematic and unreliable), and how you can better protect yourself from infection. Pro Tip #1: On average, it takes 10 years for the HIV virus to progress into AIDS. However, this average varies greatly person to person, and is affected by a number of factors like health status, behavioral characteristics, medications taken, etc. Since 1996, with the introduction of powerful retroviral therapies, the natural progression of HIV to AIDS has been slowed. AIDS Statistics in the U.S. There are around 1.1 million people living with HIV in the United States. What is perhaps even more troubling is that around 18 percent aren't even aware they have been infected, as they haven't been tested and symptoms don't exist or aren't noticeable. Around 50,000 people become infected with HIV each year and approximately 15,000 each year die from AIDS. HIV Infection Rates by Category According to CDC From highest to lowest, these are the ways in which people are infected with HIV each year in the U.S. Category 2011 2018 Male to male sexual contact 62% 66% Heterosexual contact (females) 18% 16% Heterosexual contact (males) 10% 8% Injection drug use (male) 5% 4% Injection drug use (female) 3% 3% Male to male sexual contact and IDU 3% 4% Other 1% 1% Other includes babies who are born from infected mothers, blood transfusions, and needle sticks, among other less common reasons. Of the babies that contract HIV, this can occur before birth, during birth, or during breastfeeding. Pro Tip #2: Out of the estimated 50,000 people per year infected with HIV, less than one percent is due to a work-related incident. What does this mean for you? Of all the ways people contract HIV, very few will become infected in the workplace, even in professions (like yours) where the risk is higher. Warning: Don't let that lull you into a false sense of security. Part of the reason that number is so low is because proper infection control policies are routinely put in place for many professions who are around bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. Follow your policies and procedures, and your chances will likely go well below that one percent. HIV Signs and Symptoms If left unchecked, HIV is a deadly virus that eventually will spread to AIDS. But how do you know if you've been infected with HIV? Get tested! That's the only sure way to know. However, sometimes there are signs. (Often there are no symptoms, which is why it's a good idea to get tested if there's any question or doubt.) Symptoms, when present, can include: Fever Fatigue Night sweats Weight loss Rash Dry cough Pro Tip #3: The HIV virus is actually quite fragile (outside the body) and will die within seconds after being exposed to air. Inside the body, the amount of the virus present in body fluid and the physiological condition of the host will determine how long the virus lives. It's important to note – There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. Some Important HIV/AIDS Takeaways How HIV is spread is important, as this happens mostly through unprotected sex and from sharing needles or syringes. Only a very small fraction of one percent of people are infected while providing medical care, and most of these are due to sticks from dirty needles. While this may seem obvious to many, particularly medical professionals, HIV (like other bloodborne pathogens and OPIM) cannot be spread by casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, doorknobs, toilet seats, etc. Pro Tip #4: Remember, symptoms are not reliable and may not be present for many years, which means numerous people infected with HIV will never know they have it until those symptoms appear or … through proper testing. A Word About Pathogens and the Diseases and Conditions They Cause Let's take a quick look at the variety of pathogens that exist and the conditions and diseases they cause. Viruses Hepatitis, measles, mumps, chicken pox, meningitis, rubella, influenza, warts, colds, herpes, HIV (which causes AIDS), genital warts, smallpox, avian flu, Ebola, and Zika. Bacteria Tetanus, meningitis, scarlet fever, strep throat, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, toxic shock syndrome, Legionnaires' disease, diphtheria, food poisoning, Lyme disease, and anthrax. Fungi Athlete's foot, ringworm, and histoplasmosis. Protozoa Malaria, dysentery, Cyclospora, and giardiasis. Rickettsia Typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Parasitic Worms Abdominal pain, anemia, lymphatic vessel blockage, lowered antibody response, and respiratory and circulatory complications. Prions Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Yeasts Candidiasis (also known as thrush). https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2079/hiv-and-aids-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/skin-diseases https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1228.mp4 Skin Diseases This lesson will cover a variety of skin diseases and disorders, including some information on the human body's largest organ, how skin disorders are spread, signs and symptoms, and a word about the body's natural defenses. Skin diseases and disorders include boils, open sores, infected wounds, abrasions, weeping dermatological lesions, and more. It's important that anyone with these sorts of conditions abstain from working if there's any chance that they can contaminate healthcare supplies, work surfaces, body art equipment, etc. Ideally, your skin should be free of rashes and infection, particularly for healthcare providers, caregivers, tattoo artists, and the like. Alternatively, you can also cover all open sores and wounds with bandages to avoid any potential spread of disease, if the condition isn't too severe or contagious. The Largest Organ in the Body Yes, as you probably guessed (or maybe already knew), it's your skin! Your skin contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, nerves, and sweat glands. The thickness varies person to person, from around 1.5 millimeters to 4 millimeters. Pro Tip #1: Most people probably don't spend much time thinking about their skin beyond a few wrinkles. But this would be disrespectful, as your skin is the first line of defense against infection, but only if it's intact. The Three Layers of Skin Epidermis – The epidermis is the thick outer layer that we most likely associate as being our skin. But there's much more to it than that. Dermis – The dermis is the flexible second layer of our skin. It's composed mostly of connective tissue and filled with blood vessels and nerves. Hypodermis – The hypodermis is the innermost layer, also known as the subcutaneous layer, and is composed of fatty material. Commonly Spread Skin Diseases Skin diseases and disorders can be the result of bacteria, viruses, or fungus. Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is a type of germ that about 30 percent of people have on their skin and carry in their noses. Most of the time, staph does not cause any harm. However, sometimes staph causes infections. In healthcare settings, these staph infections can be serious or fatal. Staph infections look like pimples or boils or something similar. And most of the time, staph infections are easily treatable. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's more difficult to treat than most strains of staph as it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. MRSA infections can look like typical skin wounds and infected sores. However, since they can be resistant to antibiotic treatment, they sometimes tend not to heal and even get worse. People contract MRSA infections through contact with infected mucous membranes, skin, or contaminated objects. Most of the time, MRSA infections are limited to the skin. But more severe, life-threatening infections can occur elsewhere in the body – frequently among patients with compromised immune systems in a healthcare setting. Viruses The herpes simplex virus is a commonly spread skin infection that causes herpes. Herpes can appear in various parts of the body, most commonly on the face, scalp, arms, neck, and upper chest. Herpes is usually indicated by small round blisters. When broken, these blisters can secrete a clear or yellowish fluid. Contraction of herpes occurs from contact with infected saliva, mucous membranes, and skin. Fungus Commonly spread fungus-related skin disorders include athlete's foot and ringworm. The only real difference between the two is location, as ringworm can develop on the skin, hair, nails, and scalp. Whereas athlete's foot only occurs in the feet, mostly between the toes. The two both present similar signs – red, patchy, flaky, itchy skin. They're both also highly contagious and easily spread from one person to another, or through infected surfaces in warm, moist environments, like shower floors for example. Keeping areas susceptible to athlete's foot clean and dry will go a long way to preventing the spread of the fungus. Pro Tip #2: Some people are more prone to developing skin disorders, including anyone with a history of the following diseases and conditions: Hepatitis B and C HIV and AIDS Diabetes Hemophilia or other blood disorders Other skin diseases or lesions Allergies or adverse reactions to pigments, dyes, latex, etc. Other immune disorders A Word About the Body's Natural Defenses The human body has several natural defenses that prevent infectious microorganisms from entering it. The body is very much dependent on intact skin and mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, and eyes to keep infectious microorganisms out. When the skin isn't intact, infectious microorganisms can enter through openings, like abrasions, cuts, and sores. Mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, and eyes also work to protect the body from these same invaders, often by expelling them through a cough or sneeze. Should all the body's barriers fail and a germ enters, the immune system will begin working to fight the pathogen. Pro Tip #3: Mucous membranes are less effective than skin at keeping bloodborne pathogens out of the body. All the more reason to treat your skin with the ultimate care. The immune system's basic tools for handling these invaders are antibodies and white blood cells. Special white blood cells have the ability to travel around the body and identify invading pathogens. Once detected, white blood cells gather around the pathogen and release antibodies to fight the infection. While antibodies can usually rid the body of pathogens, this isn't always the case. Some pathogens, once inside the body, can thrive, multiply, and overwhelm the immune system. This combination of preventing pathogens from entering the body and destroying them once they enter is necessary for good health and contributes to a little something called homeostasis, or balance/stability in all physiological processes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2085/skin-diseases-2013.jpg Yes 224 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/reduce-risk-of-bloodborne-pathogens https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1229.mp4 How to Reduce Your Risk In this lesson, you'll learn how to minimize your risk of exposure to all bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). Your first line of defense when it comes to these threats is known as standard precautions. Standard precautions include maintaining personal hygiene, using personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls, work practice controls, and proper equipment for cleaning contaminated areas and surfaces, along with the proper cleanup procedures. Standard precautions represent the minimum infection prevention practices that everyone must follow, based on your employer's control plan. These precautions are key to eliminating exposure to all blood and bodily fluids. Remember, it's better to assume that all bodily fluids carry the risk of disease and/or infection, rather than the opposite – to assume there is no risk. So, what are the standard precautions? Standard Bloodborne and OPIM Precautions Standard precautions can be broken down into two areas – proper use of handwashing and the appropriate use of personal protective equipment, or PPE. Handwashing Pro Tip #1: While it may seem simple, handwashing is the single most effective way to prevent infection. To be as safe as possible, follow the three handwashing guidelines below. Wash your hands before and after contact is made with clients or patients. Wash your hands as often as needed – as they become visibly soiled or when exposed to possibly infectious materials. Wash your hands using soap and hot water immediately after removing your gloves. Pro Tip #2: What if you don't have access to soap and water? In these cases, you can substitute soap and water with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. If you routinely find yourself in these situations, it may be a good idea to carry some hand sanitizer with you. Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment includes things like gloves, gowns, and masks and should be used or worn whenever the exposure to body fluids is anticipated. Warning: Wearing gloves is not a reason to forego handwashing and in no way will eliminate the necessity for handwashing, which is, once again, the single most effective way to prevent infection. Your Employee Exposure Control Plan An exposure control plan is simply a written plan that's provided by your employer, the aim of which is to eliminate or minimize your occupational exposure to blood and OPIM. While the details may vary from one employer to the next, every relevant workplace must provide easily accessible copies of this plan to its employees. Each exposure control plan must include two things: A determination of exposure by job classification and … The implementation of various methods of exposure control, including:a. Universal or standard precautionsb. Engineering and work practice controlsc. Personal protective equipmentd. Information on the Hepatitis B vaccinee. Communication of hazards to employees and the required trainingf. Recordkeepingg. Procedures for evaluating circumstances surrounding exposure incidentsh. Post exposure evaluation and follow-upi. The implementation of methods for all of the above Pro Tip #3: Universal Precautions are a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of HIV, the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens when providing care; these precautions consider blood and OPIM of all patients potentially infectious. These are OSHA-required practices that require you to treat ALL blood and OPIM as if known to be infectious. Protecting Yourself from Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM The fundamental method of protecting yourself against pathogens and infection is by controlling the hazards. This can be accomplished a number of ways, including: Elimination. Get rid of all hazards or hazardous tasks if possible. Substitution. Replace hazards or hazardous tasks with safer equipment and/or safer methods. Engineering controls. Use devices such as self-sheathing needles and sharps containers to block or remove your risks of getting stuck, poked, or cut. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Know where your PPE is located and how to properly use it. Also, keep in mind that PPE only protects you if you use it. Work practice and administrative controls. It's important to follow the policies and procedures for your workplace to eliminate all risks associated with bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. What exactly is a work practice control? A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out. When followed, all of these protection methods will help make your workplace and your work activities much safer. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2087/how-to-reduce-your-risk-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/glove-removal-and-disposal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1233.mp4 Glove Removal Your gloves are your first line of defense against bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials when cleaning up and disinfecting a scene. In this lesson, we'll show you the exact procedure of how to properly and safely remove them. You don't want blood and other bodily fluids to touch your skin, but you especially don't if you have cuts, scrapes, abrasions, or other openings in the skin. Even hangnails could pose a problem and provide an opening for a foreign invader to enter. Remember, not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Ideally, you'll have nitrile gloves. As latex allergies are becoming more common, nitrile gloves provide a better option for many people. Pro Tip #1: While putting on your gloves may sound like common sense and something not requiring instruction, there are three important points to note: Gloves will sometimes stick together, and this may make getting them on more difficult than it should be. (Though most gloves now have a coating or powder on them to prevent this.) Which is why you may have seen someone blow a puff of air into the wrist to make squeezing a hand in easier. This is not appropriate when it comes to infectious materials cleanup, even with clean gloves. Also, you don't want to spread any germs you may have onto the clean gloves. Size matters. Gloves come in many sizes. If your employer has only small or medium size gloves and you're a 300-pound man with sausage fingers, good luck. And do you know what happens when you try and squeeze an extra-large hand into a small glove? Well, let's just say it'll look like your hand is wearing a halter top, and your protection will go bye-bye. So, make sure your employer has your glove size in stock. Because one size rarely fits all. Inspect the gloves for defects, like holes, rips, or cuts. Just like our halter top gloves scenario above, if your gloves have any type of hole, you're not getting that protective barrier you need to stay safe, and you could wind up spreading a pathogen rather than containing and cleaning it up. Safety first, always. Remember, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection. When it comes to gloves, they're like having an additional protective layer of skin. How to Remove Contaminated Gloves If you've seen the video lesson that corresponds with this written version, you may have noticed that glove removal is not a normal process for most people and one that may require a bit of practice to perfect. And since perfection equals being disease and infection-free, practicing taking off your contaminated gloves may not be the worst idea. Pro Tip #2: Keep in mind your goal as it pertains to glove removal – keeping the contaminated materials on one side and your skin on the other. The two sides should always remain separate. To this end, the glove removal process is as follows: Pinch the palm side of one glove on the outside near your wrist. (Glove on glove contact only.) Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand. Wad up the dirty glove into the palm of your still-gloved hand. Pro Tip #3: You want to completely wad the glove up into that hand so the other glove can easily pass over your fist and not catch on any of the material from the first glove. However, you don't want to squeeze so hard that infectious material comes oozing out. Carefully slip two fingers under the wrist of the other glove. Avoid touching the outside of the glove. (Skin on skin contact only.) Pull the glove slowly and carefully toward your fingertips, turning it inside out as you pull it off your hand. The other glove is now contained inside. By now, you should be holding the inside lining of one glove with the other glove trapped deep down inside. You can also do this with a bloody gauze pad or contaminated paper towel in one of your gloved hands, as all items will wind up at the bottom of the first glove removed. Warning: When removing your gloves, it's important that you don't snap the glove material, so make sure you have a good grip and work slowly and carefully. Snapping the glove's materials could send pathogens and infectious materials flying – into eyes and other mucous membranes or onto clean surfaces. Toss both gloves into the trash along with other PPE. Ideally, you'll have access to a trash receptacle that you can open using a foot pedal. And make sure the liner is appropriate for handling bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials per your regulations. And finally, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and running water, if available. Otherwise, rub your hands thoroughly with an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if they are not visibly soiled and then wash your hands as soon as it is practical. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2095/glove-removal-2013.jpg Yes 230 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/work-practice-controls https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1230.mp4 Work Practice and Engineering Controls In this lesson, we're going to take a closer look at work practice controls, administrative controls, and engineering controls, so that you can have a deeper understanding of not only what they are, but why they're important. Work Practice Controls A work practice control is any measure that reduces the likelihood of being exposed to blood or other pathogens by changing the way a task is carried out. Administrative Controls Administrative controls are changes in work procedures such as written safety policies, rules, supervision, schedules, and training with the goal of reducing the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to hazardous chemicals or situations. Administrative controls include the completion of all relevant training, any and all legal requirements that must be met and adhered to, and all the policies and procedures related to infection control at your workplace. Engineering Controls An engineering control measure is one that eliminates, isolates, or removes a hazard from the workplace; things used in the workplace to help reduce the risk of an exposure. Engineering controls include: Sharps disposal containers Needle containment devices Other safety devices that prevent handlers from getting cut or poked Pro Tip #1: Engineering controls should be examined and/or maintained on a regular set schedule to ensure their maximum effectiveness. Make sure these controls are in place at your workplace to minimize your risk of exposure. Examples of Workplace, Administrative, and Engineering Controls This list is in no way meant to be a complete accounting of all controls, but rather to give you a good idea of what workplace, administrative, and engineering controls look like in the workplace. Food, drink, etc. You shouldn't eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics, or handle contact lenses in any and all work areas where there exists the possibility of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials. Trash disposal. When disposing of any trash that contains contaminated materials, do not compress the trash with your hand. Also, when carrying contaminated materials for disposal, be sure to carry the trash away from your body in case of spillage. Environment and work surfaces. All equipment and surfaces in your work environment should be thoroughly cleaned and decontaminated after all contact with blood, other body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Contaminated sharp objects. When dealing with contaminated needles and other sharp objects (routinely shortened to just sharps) there are certain guidelines to follow, such as not using bent needles, recapping needles, or trying to remove questionable needles. All needles and sharps must also be placed into appropriate sharps containers immediately after use. Warning labels. Warning labels should be affixed to all regulated waste and other containers that are used to store, transport, or ship other potentially infected materials. Labels must be fluorescent orange or red, or at least predominantly orange or red, to indicate a possible threat, along with lettering and symbols in a contrasting color. Personal protective equipment. All employees must be provided with personal protective equipment by their employer and at no cost to the employee. Examples of PPE include:a. Gloves – Wear gloves whenever the potential exists of touching blood, bodily fluids, or other potentially contaminated items.b. CPR shields and protective eyewear – Use these items when there's a likelihood of blood and OPIM being secreted or splashed.c. Gowns – Wear a gown when the potential exists of getting blood and other bodily fluids on any clothing or exposed skin.d. Masks and respirators – Use whenever there's a potential risk of coming into contact with airborne infectious diseases. Pro Tip #2: Having personal protective equipment at your workplace is great, but do you know what's even better? Knowing exactly where all PPE is located and being able to properly use them. Be sure PPE is available at your workplace and that you've been appropriately trained to use them. If you're in a profession where you have access to a first aid kit at work, be sure it's properly stocked with all necessary items, such as gloves and CPR face shields or rescue masks. Cleaning Rather than Disposing? If you are tasked with laundering contaminated items – like reusable gowns – rather than disposing of them, make sure you follow your facility's specific procedures for cleaning and handling these items. General laundry procedures will include: Wearing personal protective equipment whenever handling contaminated laundry Keeping contaminated laundry separate from non-contaminated laundry Bagging potentially contaminated laundry in the same area in which it was used, rather than transporting it elsewhere to bag Using leak-proof bags for wet contaminated laundry Transporting contaminated laundry in properly labeled bags, especially when shipping it to an offsite facility A Work Practice Cheat Sheet As you now know, work practice controls reduce the likelihood of exposure by changing the way a task is carried out, which helps reduce the risk of an exposure incident. This cheat sheet is not meant to be complete, however these are some of the more common controls you'll likely face. Place all sharps items in puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers that are both labeled and available at the point of use. Avoid splashing, spraying, and splattering droplets of blood or OPIM when performing all procedures. Remove and dispose of soiled protective clothing as soon as possible. Clean and disinfect all equipment and work surfaces that may have been soiled by blood or OPIM. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water immediately after being exposed to any potentially contaminated materials and be sure the sink is not located in a food preparation area. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when handwashing facilities are not available. Do not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics or lip balm, handle contact lenses, or touch your mouth, nose, or eyes when you are in an area where you may be exposed to infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2089/work-practice-and-engineering-controls-2013.jpg Yes 214 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/body-fluid-cleanup-procedures https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1232.mp4 Body Fluid Cleanup In this lesson, you'll learn how to clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces, whether floors, tables, or equipment. But first, let's address some safety issues pertaining to cleanup. Personal Protective Equipment Before disinfecting any contaminated areas or surfaces, first ask yourself if you have the proper PPE – personal protective equipment – to complete the job safely. PPE you may need includes: Gloves, always Face shield and/or eye protection An apron or gown In most cases, these three items will be enough, and in many instances, gloves alone will suffice. When should you use a disposable apron or gown? Whenever there's a reasonable chance you could get bloodborne pathogens or other potentially infectious materials on your clothing. The biggest problem involved with getting pathogens on clothing is cross-contamination, and we'll get into this more in a minute. When should you use a face or eye shield? Whenever there's a reasonable chance of spraying or splashing. If you're cleaning dried blood off a counter, you probably don't need to go that extra mile. But what if you were disinfecting a piece of machinery with many parts at or around eye level? Mostly it just comes down to common sense. Having the proper cleanup equipment and personal protective equipment is the first step in any cleanup project. Make sure you have everything you need for the task at hand. And always err on the side of caution. Pro Tip #1: Not all gloves are created equally. Always use medical-grade gloves when cleaning bloodborne pathogens and OPIM. While the term industrial-grade sounds strong and safe, this isn't always the case, as industrial grade gloves tend to have larger pores than medical-grade gloves, which may not keep all the bad stuff out. Also, one pair of gloves isn't going to cut it. In order to keep from re-contaminating the scene, or even contaminating another scene, you'll change your gloves a few times in the course of one cleanup job. Which brings up a good point … Warning: Pay attention to what you're touching with your contaminated gloves. It should go without saying to avoid touching any part of yourself, but also be sure not to touch clean surfaces or equipment that hasn't been contaminated. But if you do, it's not the end of the world; just remember to disinfect those as well. Cleaning Supplies Matter There are only two essential supplies you need: paper towels and bleach. Don't use toilet paper or napkins or even low-quality paper towels. The paper towels you use should be commercial grade and able to withstand the task at hand without falling apart. Bleach is super cheap and super effective, so there's no point in substituting. However, if you are going to substitute, make sure the cleaner or disinfectant you're using is up for the job. As in specifically manufactured to kill microorganisms and protect against all viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens and infectious materials. Body Fluid Cleanup Procedure The first thing you want to do is make sure the scene is safe. If there are any sharp objects, like broken glass or needles, remove those using tongs (or another safe method) and put all sharps into a contaminated sharps disposal container so you can disinfect them or dispose of them properly later. For the purpose of instruction, let's assume you're cleaning off a table with a modest amount of dried blood. There is no chance of spraying or splashing, and unless you're really reckless, you shouldn't have to worry about contaminating your clothing. Pro Tip #2: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends a bleach solution of one part bleach to nine parts water. This solution should be strong enough to kill any bloodborne pathogens and infectious materials you may encounter. Put on your 1st pair of medical grade gloves and remove any sharp objects. Wipe up as much of the dried blood as you can using a paper towel. Be sure to keep the blood isolated to the table or the paper towels. If you get some on the floor, be sure to disinfect it as well. Remove your 1st pair of gloves as shown in the video – using glove on glove for the first, and bare finger against your wrist for the second. Throw away both gloves. Put on your 2nd pair of medical grade gloves. Mix your bleach solution in a spray bottle and liberally spray the solution on the table where the dried blood was located. Wipe down with paper towels and make sure all the blood is visibly gone. Remove your 2nd pair of gloves using the same protective method as before. Put on your 3rd pair of gloves. (Yes, this is a bit of a pain. But if you don't do it this way, there's no point in cleaning up, as the risk of infection will likely still remain thanks to dirty gloves.) Lightly mist the surface of the table with your bleach solution and allow it to evaporate. The time it takes for the liquid solution to evaporate equals the time it takes to completely kill any pathogens remaining. Pro Tip #3: In general, when handling or cleaning up infectious materials and bloodborne pathogens, your goal is to create barriers. These barriers will halt the spread of infection, whether the barrier is a piece of protective clothing or a safe container to dispose of infectious materials. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2093/body-fluid-cleanup-2013.jpg Yes 385 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/regulated-waste https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1231.mp4 Regulated Waste In this lesson, we'll cover what regulated waste is as defined by OSHA, along with some standard protocols for handling and disposing of it. The OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard defines regulated waste as: Any liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious material. Contaminated items that would release blood or OPIM in a liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed or rung out. Items that are caked with dried blood or OPIM and are capable of flaking off and releasing these materials during handling. Contaminated sharps. Pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or OPIM. How to Dispose of Regulated Waste Pro Tip #1: It's important to note that all properly labeled and bundled waste should be handled according to your facility's disposal procedures. It's also important to consider any state or local requirements that may apply to regulated waste disposal in your area. Having said that, here are a few guidelines to follow when disposing of regulated waste. Warning: While this should go without saying, never dispose of potentially contaminated waste into normal trash receptacles. Regulated Waste Containers All blood and other potentially infectious materials must be disposed of in properly labeled biohazard containers, in either a red bag or a predominantly orange or red container that has been imprinted with the biohazard symbol. Regulated waste containers must be: Sealable. You must be able to completely close and seal the container. Properly constructed. The container must be able to properly handle its contents without fail. Leak-proof. The regulated waste container must prevent leakage of all fluids and materials while handling, storing, transporting, and shipping. Sharps Containers All items falling into this category – like needles, syringes, and razors – must be placed into sealable, leak-proof, puncture-resistant containers. The containers must also be properly labeled or color-coded. Pro Tip #2: Regardless of type, all regulated waste containers should be routinely inspected and replaced, and they should never be allowed to overfill. A Word About OSHA's Regulations Since OSHA may be the reason you're taking this course, let's dig a little deeper into what the employer's responsibilities are when it comes to following those regulations. Pro Tip #3: Safety is job number one. If you notice that your employer is falling short of adhering to guidelines or not providing everything on this list, you may want to consider asking someone. OSHA regulations regarding bloodborne pathogens have placed specific responsibilities on employers for the protection of employees (like you). These include all of the following: Identifying positions or tasks covered by the bloodborne and OPIM standard precautions. Creating an exposure control plan to minimize the possibility of exposure and making the plan easily accessible to all employees. Developing and putting into action a written schedule for cleaning and decontaminating environments and work surfaces at the workplace. Creating a system for easy identification of soiled material and its proper disposal. Developing a system of annual training for all covered employees. Offering the opportunity for employees to get the hepatitis B vaccination at no cost. Establishing clear procedures to follow for reporting an exposure. Creating a system of recordkeeping. In workplaces where there is potential exposure to injuries from contaminated sharps, soliciting input from non-managerial employees with potential exposure regarding the identification, evaluation, and selection of effective engineering and work practice controls. (In other words, the feedback of those being exposed.) If a needlestick injury occurs, recording the appropriate information in the sharps injury log, including:a. The type and brand of device involved in the incidentb. The location of the incidentc. A description of the incident Maintaining a sharps injury log in such a way that protects the privacy of employees. Ensuring the confidentiality of all employees' medical records and exposure incidents. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2091/regulated-waste-2013.jpg Yes 98 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/hepatitis-c https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1227.mp4 Hepatitis C Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis C virus, also known as HCV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis C infection in the U.S. You're going to notice numerous similarities with the Hepatitis B virus. However, there will also be some significant and crucial differences to make note of. Much like the Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C can exhibit very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. It's not unusual for someone infected with Hepatitis C to live for decades with the disease and not know it, all the while the virus is slowly destroying their liver. The Hepatitis C virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This in turn can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. Some people who are exposed to Hepatitis C can fight the infection and rid it from the body. While others become chronically infected. You may recall that this is where we gave you some good news in the last lesson, as around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. While the other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B will become chronic. The problem is that with Hepatitis C, those numbers are practically inverted, as around 80 percent of those exposed develop a chronic infection, while the other 20 percent will clear the virus from their systems and develop and natural immunity to it. How Hepatitis C is Contracted and Spread Pro Tip #1: Hepatitis C is spread a little differently compared to Hepatitis B and HIV. While the latter two viruses are mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, Hepatitis C is spread mostly through blood, including sharing needles with an infected person (mostly due to injected drug use) and through getting tattoos and piercings with unsterilized equipment. Less common ways of contracting Hepatitis C in the U.S. include receiving blood, blood products, or organs that have been infected with the Hepatitis C virus. However, these instances are much less common since blood screening became available in 1992. Also, like both HIV and Hepatitis B, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby. And in healthcare settings, it can also be passed on through needle stick injuries. It's worth noting that these are both rare, as is spreading the disease through sexual intercourse. It should be noted that personal items that are contaminated with infected blood and then shared with others also present a risk – items like razors and toothbrushes, for example. Pro Tip #2: People who are infected with HIV face a much greater risk of also contracting Hepatitis C. Also, like both Hepatitis B and HIV, Hepatitis C cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with pubic items like doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. And there is no evidence of virus transmission from food handlers, teachers, or other service providers in the absence of blood to blood contact. Hepatitis C Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that around 3.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis C infection 17,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis C virus 12,000 people each year die from liver complications caused by Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and Hepatitis B, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis C are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for all the above is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis C symptoms (which mirror those of Hepatitis B) include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Hepatitis C Treatment Unfortunately, there is neither a Hepatitis C vaccine or a known cure. There are, however, new drugs that have come on the market that studies have shown can provide big improvements to those in need of Hepatitis C treatment. In some studies, those infected with the Hepatitis C virus who took one or more new drugs approved by the FDA showed up to a 90 percent success rate in eliminating the disease. The downside is the expense. Treatments can cost tens of thousands of dollars, making them financially available to only a select few who can afford them. A Word About Bloodborne Pathogens – Signs and Transmission Let's quickly recap the symptoms of the diseases covered in this section (Hepatitis B, C, and HIV) along with the modes of transmission for each. It may help to see the side-by-side comparisons for the purpose of retaining the information. HIV Symptoms: May or may not be present in the early stages. Late-contact stage symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, skin rashes, night sweats, loss of appetite, swollen lymph glands, significant weight loss, white spots in the mouth or vaginal discharge (signs of yeast infection), and memory or movement problems. Contraction: HIV is spread through both direct and possibly indirect contact with blood, semen, and vaginal fluid. Hepatitis B Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis B is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. Hepatitis C Symptoms: Jaundice, fever, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and joint pain Contraction: Hepatitis C is spread through both direct and indirect contact with blood and semen. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2083/hepatitis-c-virus-2013.jpg Yes 201 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/hepatitis-b https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1226.mp4 Hepatitis B Virus In this lesson, we're going to take a look at the Hepatitis B virus, also known as HBV, including signs and symptoms, ways to protect yourself, and some statistics for Hepatitis B infection in the U.S. When a person is first infected with the Hepatitis B virus, it begins as an acute infection (meaning short in duration) and can range from very mild conditions with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. The Hepatitis B virus reproduces in the liver, which causes inflammation. This, in turn, can also lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and liver failure. An acute infection is defined by duration – the first six months after the person is exposed to the virus. Some people's bodies can fight the infection and rid it from their systems. While others become chronically infected (meaning long-term). Pro Tip #1: What does a chronic infection mean in practical terms? It means the virus remains in the blood, affects and damages liver cells over time, which causes illnesses like cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer, and eventually death. The good news – Around 90 percent of those infected (adults and older children) with the Hepatitis B virus will be able to fight the virus and expel it from their bodies within a few months and subsequently develop an immunity to it. The other 10 percent of people who contract Hepatitis B fall into that chronic category outlined above. Warning: Hepatitis B is particularly devastating for infants and young children, as the majority will be at a much greater risk of developing a chronic infection. In most kids, Hepatitis B is a silent killer, and left unchecked will slowly destroy the liver over a period of 20 years or more. How Hepatitis B is Contracted and Spread Hepatitis B is contracted in the same ways as HIV. It's mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected person, or as a result of sharing needles or syringes with an infected person. And, like HIV, the infection can be passed from mother to unborn (or just-born) baby, especially if the infant came into contact with blood or other bodily fluids through breaks in the skin like cuts or sores. Pro Tip #2: Do not expect a person with chronic Hepatitis B to look or appear sick. The virus cares little about appearances and will spread regardless. Hepatitis B Statistics in the U.S. It is estimated that up to 1.2 million people in the U.S. have a chronic Hepatitis B infection 38,000 people each year become infected with the Hepatitis B virus 3000 people each year die from liver disease caused by Hepatitis B The number of infections has significantly decreased since 1990, thanks to routine Hepatitis B vaccinations Hepatitis B Signs and Symptoms Much like with HIV and AIDS, signs and symptoms for Hepatitis B are unreliable and may or may not be present. And why proper testing for both is the only sure-fire way to know if an infection is present. Hepatitis B symptoms include, but are not limited to: Yellow skin, known as jaundice Yellowing eyes Tiredness and fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Dark urine Joint pain Clay-colored stools Abdominal discomfort Fever Pro Tip #3: The Hepatitis B virus is up to 100 times easier to catch than HIV. There are several reasons for this including the virus' size, as it's much smaller than HIV, and the fact that the Hepatitis B virus can live outside the body for at least seven days, depending on specific conditions. Also, like HIV, Hepatitis B cannot be spread through casual contact, such as hugging, handshaking, or coming into contact with doorknobs, water fountains, and toilets. Hepatitis B Vaccine This is where the Hepatitis B and HIV similarities end, as there is an effective vaccine for Hepatitis B that is administered in three doses over a six-month period. The vaccine is safe, as it's made from non-infectious materials and cannot cause one to become infected with the Hepatitis B virus. Also, severe problems or allergic reactions are rare. The Hepatitis B vaccine is around 80 – 95 percent effective in providing protection against the virus, but only in situations where all three doses of the vaccine are administered. Pro Tip #4: It's probably a good idea to not assume the vaccine worked. It's easy enough to confirm your newly developed immunity to the Hepatitis B virus but wait at least one to two months after completing the vaccine series before getting tested. *It should be noted, that at this time, booster doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine are not recommended. Consider Getting the Hepatitis Vaccine if … There are some people who are more likely to be occupationally exposed to the Hepatitis B virus than others, and that includes: Tattoo artists, or anyone who performs body piercings or body art People who administer first aid routinely Professionals who provide medical care Employees responsible for assisting in bathroom care People who work in medical and/or dental offices People who handle medical waste Employees who perform custodial duties that involve the cleaning of decontaminated surfaces – blood and other possibly infectious materials Anyone whose job will, or might, expose them to the Hepatitis B virus must be offered the vaccine for free through their employer. Employees who do not want the vaccine will need to complete a vaccine declination form. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2081/hepatitis-b-virus-2013.jpg Yes 294 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/wash-your-hands https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1234.mp4 Handwashing Hand washing is the most important and effective infection control technique. And while all of you already wash your hands regularly, in this lesson we're going to teach you the proper ways to wash and disinfect your hands to greatly reduce your chances of contamination. When Should You Wash Your Hands? Wash your hands whenever they're visibly dirty, but also: Before having any contact with clients/patients Before putting on your gloves Before performing any procedures After contact with a client's skin, bodily fluids, excretions, non-intact skin, wound dressings, and contaminated items After using the bathroom After touching garbage After removing your gloves Proper Hand-Washing Technique Pro Tip #1: In a world filled with technological advances and new and improved items at every turn, the old standard when it comes to handwashing is still the superior choice – soap and water – as it's still the best way to reduce the number of germs in most situations. Use a disposable paper towel to turn on the sink faucet. Thoroughly wet your hands. Apply a generous amount of soap. Rub your hands together, covering all the surface areas – backs of hands, between fingers, under nails – for at least 20 seconds. Rinse your hands under the running water. Dry your hands with a disposable paper towel. Use that towel to turn off the sink faucet. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers will quickly reduce the number of microbes on your hands, but it doesn't eliminate all types of germs. Proper Use of Hand Sanitizer Hand sanitizers that are alcohol-based are great options if soap and water aren't available. But make sure you work them into your skin as thoroughly as you would wash your hands with soap and water. Fill the palm of one hand with hand sanitizer, as you'll need enough to apply a very generous layer to both hands. Spread the hand sanitizer around your palms, top of hands, between fingers, and work it into every crevice or wrinkle, including cuticles, nail beds, and under rings. Don't ignore your wrists and try to cover all areas. Continue to massage the hand sanitizer into your hands for 20 seconds. Pro Tip #2: All medical personnel should have a watch with a second hand, as there are numerous situations where you'll need to record the exact time or use that second hand to keep track of the time – like to see when 20 seconds has passed when using a hand sanitizer. On that note, if you suspect that your watch may have become contaminated in the course of helping a patient or cleaning up a scene, you're going to need to put that watch into the bloodborne equivalent of the concussion protocol. This protocol could be different for everyone, based on their own unique work practice controls that are covered under the bloodborne pathogens rule. So, know the specifics of your situation and workplace. However, in general, you'll want to remove the watch using proper personal protective equipment and sanitize and disinfect it appropriately. A Word About Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) is equipment that is appropriate for your job duties and should be available to you in your workplace. A PPE includes all specialized clothing, equipment, and supplies that keep you from coming in direct contact with infected materials. These include CPR breathing barriers, disposable gloves, gowns, masks, shields, and protective eyewear. Disposable Latex-Free Gloves Wear disposable, latex-free gloves for all patient contact. There are powder-free gloves available as well as disposable latex-free gloves made of vinyl. Also consider nitrile gloves, as many consider them the preferred option when working with bloodborne pathogens. Eye Protection Safety glasses with side shields are a great way to protect your eyes in certain situations. If there's a risk of splashing or spraying of bodily fluids, use goggles or a full-face shield, as they'll greatly reduce the risk of contamination of the mouth, nose, and eyes. CPR Breathing Barriers CPR breathing barriers include resuscitation masks, shields, and BVMs. CPR breathing barriers help protect you against disease transmission when performing CPR or giving ventilations to a patient. Masks A mask is a personal protective device worn on the face that's designed to cover at least the nose and mouth, and which helps to reduce the risk of inhaling hazardous airborne particles, gases, and vapors. A high-efficiency particulate air mask will filter out at least 95 percent of airborne particles. Remember that masks must be fit-tested to be effective. Gowns In situations where there are large amounts of blood or other possibly infectious materials, consider wearing a disposable gown. If your clothing becomes contaminated, remove it and shower as soon as possible. And wash the clothes in a separate load. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2097/handwashing-2013.jpg Yes 182 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/hospital-associated-infections https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1235.mp4 Hospital Associated Infections In any healthcare setting, standard precautions must be followed when a patient is either suspected or confirmed of having an infection. In this lesson, we'll dig a little deeper into common infections in healthcare settings, along with certain practices that will help stop the spread of infection and keep you safe. It's important that you follow all practices that are designed to protect both yourself – the healthcare professional – as well as the patients you serve, as infections can easily spread from patient to healthcare provider and then onward to other patients. Such practices include: Handwashing and hygiene Use of personal protective equipment like gloves, gowns, and masks Safe injection practices Safe handling of potentially contaminated equipment or surfaces in a healthcare setting Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette As a healthcare professional, part of your job is to protect against the spread of bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases. Furthermore, healthcare providers have an ethical and professional responsibility to adhere to scientifically accepted or evidence-based practices and principles of infection control and to monitor the performance of those for whom the healthcare provider is also responsible. Pro Tip #1: Multiple states publish best practices for infection control. Some states include a legal responsibility to adhere to these infection control practices that are in place. So, make sure you're following the proper guidelines at your healthcare facility. Common Hospital Associated Infections (HAI) Hospital-associated infections are those that originate or occur in a healthcare or healthcare-like setting. If you're thinking that this sounds like an oxymoron, in that people go to hospitals to get well – not sicker – you'd be right, and yet … Warning: The CDC estimates that each year in the U.S. alone, hospital-associated infections account for 1.7 million infections, and of those cases, 99,000 result in death. That's yearly! These infections can be associated with a number of procedures and devices, such as the use of catheters and ventilators. The most common class of hospital-associated infections are bloodstream infections like pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. Urinary Tract Infections Urinary tract infections are the most common type of hospital-associated infections and are often the result of a catheter or tube that has been used to empty urine from the bladder. Bacteria can enter the body at the site where an IV or catheter is inserted. Also, a local infection can develop in the skin around the catheter. Bacteria can also enter the blood through veins that go near the heart and cause a more serious infection known as sepsis. Pro Tip #2: The deeper and longer a catheter is in place, the greater the chance of it resulting in an infection. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurs when bacteria and other germs enter the lungs from an endotracheal tube that has been attached to a ventilator. When bacteria begin to grow in the tube, an infection develops that can lead to pneumonia. Surgical Site Infections Having surgery can increase the potential risk of getting an infection, as surgery provides a pathway for bacteria to enter a normally sterile part of the body. The risk of infection is also present post-surgery, as wounds can easily become infected when dressings are changed. Common Pathogens that Cause Hospital Associated Infections There are a few common pathogens most responsible for causing hospital-associated infections, and these are: Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa E. coli Klebsiella Clostridium difficile (C-diff) Pro Tip #3: MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) is a strain of staph that is resistant to the broad-spectrum antibiotics that are commonly used to treat it. As a result, and as you might imagine, MRSA can be fatal. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa is another pathogen that is highly resistant to antibiotics. For this reason, it can lead to more serious infections like septicemia, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and chronic lung infections. E. Coli E. coli is characterized by severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. Some strains of E. coli can be life-threatening. Klebsiella Klebsiella is a gram-negative bacterium that can cause different types of serious hospital-associated infections like pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound and surgical site infections, and meningitis. Clostridium Difficile (C-diff) C-diff can lead to gastrointestinal infections, as spores are easily transferred to patients mainly via the hands of healthcare professionals who previously touched a contaminated surface or piece of equipment. C-diff is often the result of overuse or improper use of antibiotics. Patients most at risk are the elderly, particularly those who were already on antibiotics. When it comes to infectious diseases, particularly those that most commonly originate (or are spread) in healthcare settings, prevention is the best strategy for reducing the incidences of hospital-associated infections. Pro Tip #4: Keep in mind the extraordinary number of infections (1.7 million) that originate each year in American healthcare settings, along with the staggering number of deaths as a result (99,000). Then examine ways in which you, the healthcare provider, can help reduce this risk so that patients can get the help they need, rather than getting sicker. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2099/hospital-associated-infections-2013.jpg Yes 325 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/safe-injection-practices https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1236.mp4 Safe Injection Practices A basic expectation that exists in any healthcare setting is the protection from an infection (blood and other potentially infectious materials) while receiving an injection. In this lesson, we'll cover some ways in which you can better help protect the patient, as well as yourself. Safer Devices Equals a Safer Environment For employers, the Needlestick and Prevention Act requires that they provide appropriate, effective, safe, and commercially available medical devices that are designed to eliminate or minimize your occupational exposure if ever unsafe injection practices occur. However, combining those safer devices with a better awareness of the potential risks, along with aseptic infection control techniques, should ultimately be your goal, as thousands of infections occur each year in the U.S. as a result of unsafe injection practices. Warning: The most common unsafe injection practices include re-using needles, using multiple-dose medications or bags of solutions, and administering the same intravenous medications to multiple patients. Safe injection practices are instrumental to following the standard precautions and include safe sharps disposal practices – such as using leak-proof, puncture-resistant appropriate sharps containers – along with using sharps and needle devices that have been engineered with injection protections. This includes any time you withdraw blood or other bodily fluids, access a patient's vein or artery, or administer medications and other fluids. An example of a device with injection protection would be an angiocatheter with a button on the side that allows you to easily withdraw the needle once inserted into the catheter, while the catheter remains in the patient's vein. The needle now has a protective covering so there is no risk of getting poked and can safely be disposed in a sharps container. Pro Tip #1: Don't bend, break, or recap needles. However, if you must recap a needle, do so using the one-hand method shown in the video for this lesson. A recapping situation would include withdrawing medication from a multi-dose vial. Rather than leave on a tray or table with the needle exposed, you can use the one-hand method to reinsert the needle into its protective sheath while waiting to administer the medication to the patient. Aseptic Techniques Equals a Safer Environment Make sure to always use aseptic techniques to avoid the contamination of sterile injection equipment. This includes washing your hands, using clean gloves, and using alcohol wipes to clean injection portals, the tops of vials, and the skin where needles will be inserted. Remember to always change your gloves between patients and between tasks that may increase the chances of infection. And it's a good idea to have a generous supply of gloves so you don't run out. Pro Tip #2: Never administer medication from a single syringe to multiple patients, even if the needle has been replaced. Needles and syringes are sterile, single-use items. You can remember this rule with this little ditty: 1 needle, 1 syringe, 1 time only! Other single-use pieces of equipment are fluid infusion and administration sets (IVs, IV bags, tubing, connectors, etc.) and syringe and needle cannulas. One use, one time, then dispose of these items safely. And remember, if any sterile item touches a non-sterile item, throw it away and get another. When preparing an injection, keep work areas free of clutter and wash your hands appropriately. Gloves are not usually required when giving an injection, but there are some exceptions: If excessive bleeding is expected If other bloodborne pathogen risks exist If you have dry, cracked skin or cuts, abrasions, etc. If using a glass ampule, don't use your bare fingers to open it. Instead, use a gauze pad to break the seal and use a filtered needle when drawing from any glass ampule. Then change to a non-filtered needle before administering the medication to the patient. Also, make sure to check the name, dosage, and proper delivery method before administering any medications. And never re-enter the same vial with the same needle and syringe; always use a new needle and syringe. Single-Dose vs. Multi-Dose Vials Use single-dose vials whenever possible to reduce the chances of infection, especially when the same medication is being administered to multiple patients. And do not combine the contents of one vial to another. If you are using multi-dose vials, make sure both the syringe and the needle are sterile. If there is any doubt, toss them out. Store all medication vials according to the manufacturers' recommendations and don't keep multi-dose vials in patient treatment areas. Also, don't use bags or bottles of IV solutions as a common source of supply for multiple patients. Pro Tip #3: Whenever performing spinal lumbar puncture procedures, be sure to wear a surgical mask when placing the catheter or injection material into the spinal canal or the subdural space. OSHA's Requirements OSHA requires that any exposure control plan reflect how employers implement new developments in control technology. OSHA requires employers to solicit input from employees who are responsible for direct patient care, and this includes the identification, evaluation, and selection of better engineering and work practice controls. OSHA also requires that certain employers establish and maintain a sharps injury log of all percutaneous injuries from contaminated sharps. The sharps injury log must include the location of the incident, the device involved, and a description of the incident (at minimum) to properly evaluate future risks and device effectiveness. Employers are required to record all work-related sharps injuries involving contaminated objects on both the OSHA 300 log and the OSHA 301 log. Warning: If you're ever stuck by a needle or other sharp, or get blood or OPIM in your eyes, nose, mouth, or by contact with broken skin, immediately flood the exposed area with water. Clean any wound or broken with soap and water or a skin disinfectant if available. Report the incident to your employer and get immediate medical attention. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2101/safe-injection-practices-2013.jpg Yes 606 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/exposure-incident https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1237.mp4 Exposure Incident and Reporting Being exposed to a bloodborne pathogen or other potentially infectious materials is a serious topic. In this lesson, we'll go over what to do if you ever find yourself in that situation, along with some responsibilities that your employer bears. An exposure incident is defined as contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from the performance of an employee's duties. Contact specifically means contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.), broken skin, or through a puncture-related incident, or in any situation where there exists a high probability of contamination. What to do if You are Exposed If you are exposed, take the following steps immediately: Clean the contaminated area thoroughly with soap and water. Wash needlestick injuries, cuts, and exposed skin with soap and water. Flush out any splashes of blood and OPIM to the mouth and nose with water. If the eyes are involved, irrigate with clean water, saline, or sterile irrigants for 20 minutes. Seek immediate follow-up care as identified in your department exposure control plan. Pro Tip #1: You'll also need to report the incident and complete all the appropriate forms as soon as possible after the exposure incident. However, DO NOT delay medical treatment to fill out paperwork. Medical treatment should include an immediate post-exposure evaluation, prophylaxis treatment, and the appropriate follow up care, all of which should be conducted by a physician at no cost to the employee. Exposure Incident Reporting An exposure incident should include the following: The time, date, and location of the exposure. An account of all the people involved, including the exposed person, names of their first aid providers, and if possible, the name of the source individual. The circumstances of the exposure, any actions taken after the exposure, and any other information required by your employer. Pro Tip #2: What do we mean by if possible from point number two above? The situation could include a source that is unknown. Or state or local laws may prohibit the identification of the source of the infection. However, if the source is known and if that person gives consent, tests should be conducted as soon as possible, particularly for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. Report the exposure incident to the appropriate person identified in your employer's exposure control plan (often the infection control officer). There will be forms to fill out and continued follow-up, which will proceed according to your employer's policies. Your employer's exposure control plan must specify who should be contacted and what procedures need to be done to follow-up. This includes the employer's responsibilities to provide post-exposure prophylaxis when medically indicated, counseling, and the evaluation of reported illnesses at no charge. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2103/exposure-incident-and-reporting-2013.jpg Yes 132 https://www.probloodborne.com/training/video/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1224.mp4 How Bloodborne Pathogens are Transmitted What are Bloodborne Pathogens? In this lesson, we'll take a look at how one gets ill from a bloodborne pathogen or infectious disease. But first, how about a couple of definitions? Bloodborne Pathogen – A bloodborne pathogen is a microorganism that's present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. Infectious Disease – An infectious disease is a disease (also caused by microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, etc.) that enters the body through various biological routes. It's important to note that not all bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases are created equally, as some can produce mild symptoms, while others can be life-threatening. The Chain of Infection For any disease to spread, several conditions must be present. This is known as the chain of infection. And if you recall from the last lesson, those conditions are as follows: There must be an adequate number of pathogens or disease-causing organisms in the environment. There needs to be a reservoir or source that allows the pathogen to survive and even multiply, such as blood. There must be a mode of transmission from source to host. There must be an entrance through which the pathogen enters the host. The host must be susceptible to that pathogen, as opposed to being immune to it. Pro Tip #1: Infection control strategies help prevent disease transmission by interrupting one or more links in the chain of infection. Sources of Bloodborne Pathogens The primary source of potential bloodborne pathogens is blood and specific bodily fluids, like semen and vaginal secretions. However, there are other bodily fluids that may contain bloodborne pathogens, especially if they are visibly contaminated with blood. Those sources include: Cerebrospinal fluid in the brain Synovial fluid in the joints Pleural fluid in the lungs Amniotic fluid in and around the uterus Pericardial fluid around the heart Peritoneal fluid in the abdomen Urine, feces, saliva, and a few other fluids don't typically carry bloodborne pathogens, however … Pro Tip #2: Because it's so difficult to identify contaminated body fluids or know for sure if those fluids are contaminated with blood, it's important to treat ALL bodily fluids as potential threats that could include bloodborne pathogens. How Bloodborne Pathogens and OPIM Get into the Body There are four basic modes of transmission: Direct Contact – Direct contact transmission occurs when microorganisms are transferred from an infected person to another person. An example would be a tattoo artist with an open, uncovered cut or wound, in which blood from a client/source comes in contact with that wound. Parenteral Exposure – Parenteral exposure is when infected blood and/or bodily fluids are introduced into the body through piercing or puncturing the skin. An example would be getting stuck with a contaminated needle or being cut with a sharp object that's been contaminated. Indirect Contact – Indirect contact is when a contaminated object (tools, needles, etc.) makes contact with a person's skin or mucous membranes, like those found in the eyes, mouth, nose, and ears. Which is why it's so important to decontaminate any objects that have blood on them. Airborne Transmission – Airborne transmission occurs when droplets or small particles that contain an infectious agent remain active in the air and are then inhaled into the body. An example of this would be tuberculosis. While airborne transmission is possible, most cases of bloodborne pathogen infections do not fall into this category. Some Risks are Higher than Others While it's important to consider all blood and bodily fluids potential threats, there are some methods of transmission that are more common than others. Highest Potential Risks The most common ways bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread are: Getting stuck with an infected needle Sexual contact Other than sexual contact, the highest potential risks are when a contaminated, sharp object punctures or cuts the skin, such as with an infected needle, a broken piece of contaminated glass, or getting cut by a razor that was also used by an infected person. Pro Tip #3: Fans of the TV show Live PD will be familiar with police protocol before searching a person – a protocol that includes asking if that person has any sharp objects or needles that could poke, stab, or cut them. If you weren't sure why police officers do this, now you know. Medium Potential Risks Medium risks involve situations where blood and bodily fluids get into an open cut or are absorbed through a mucous membrane – eyes, nose, ears, mouth, etc. Like our tattoo artist example from above. Lowest Potential Risks The lowest potential risks include situations where contaminated objects come in contact with inflamed skin, acne, skin abrasions, etc. Which brings up a good point. Pro Tip #4: Knowing how bloodborne pathogens and OPIM are spread is important to be sure. But so is knowing what prevents those microorganisms from spreading. And the number one line of defense is intact skin. In fact, the CDC (Center for Disease Control) has stated that there is no known risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases through intact skin. Which means casual contact – like handshaking, hugging, touching doorknobs, etc. – are not considered threats in normal situations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2077/how-bloodborne-pathogens-are-spread-2013.jpg Yes 309